French Conjugation: 6 Verbs That Use Both “Avoir” And “Être”
- April 2, 2019
The French “ passé composé ” is a tricky tense, with plenty of weird French conjugation rules.
French people use it a lot in spoken conversation. It’s the main way to talk about the past!
It’s not an easy tense, though. In fact, I’ve even previously recorded another lesson for all the difficulties of le passé composé :
One of the first things you need to learn for every verb is, “does it use être or avoir ?”
Well here’s a “fun” fact: some verbs can use both ! And it even changes the verb’s meaning, depending on which you use.
Today, we’re going to see six verbs that can use both “avoir” and “être”.
Learning goals: This is what you’ll be able to do after watching this lesson Beginner: Learn six new French verbs Intermediate: Learn the two meanings of the verb when conjugated with either être or avoir Advanced: Master the grammar behind this trick!
Bonjour c’est Géraldine, bienvenue sur Comme une Française. C’est parti !
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- Entrer = to go in, to enter
We can conjugate its passé composé with:
- être (=”to be”) → Il est entré par la porte. He entered through the door.
- avoir (=”to have”) → Il a entré la clé dans la serrure. He entered the key in the lock.
The simple difference: If the subject of the sentence is the one entering somewhere, then it’s être . If the subject of the sentence is entering something else, then it’s avoir .
The detailed answer: Grammar time! Avoir is used when there’s a direct object ( un complément d’objet direct = COD ), which is a noun that completes the meaning of the verb without using a preposition.
Il a entré la clé dans la serrure → “ la clé ” ( the key ) is a direct object, there’s no preposition between “ entré ” and “ la clé .” So we use Avoir .
“ Il est entré la clé dans la serrure ” with être instead of avoir is WRONG.
Il est entré par la porte → There’s a preposition (“ par ”) between “ entré ” and “ la porte .” So, “la porte” is not a direct object ! So, we use être .
(See also the “ rule of thumb ” : “He”, the subject, is the one who physically entered somewhere.)
Il est entré dans la serrure → With the same process as the last sentence, we can say this sentence is grammatically correct. However, it means “ He entered the lock ,” which has a weird meaning outside of context. Is “he” really small? Is it a giant lock?
Usually in French, Être means “ to be ” and avoir means “to have.” However, they’re also used as verbes auxiliaires (= auxiliary verbs) for some tenses such as le passé composé . In this context, literal translations aren’t really meaningful anymore.
Sortir = to leave, to go out, to take out…
In French, we conjugate it in the passé composé with:
- Être → Il est sorti de la maison à 20 heures. He left the house at 8pm.
- Avoir → Il a sorti ses gants de sa poche. He took his gloves out of his pocket;
Rule of thumb: If the subject is the one that’s going from “inside” to “outside” (= t o leave, to go out ), then we use être . If the subject is making something else go from “inside” to “outside” ( = to take out ), then we use avoir .
Grammar time! The same rule applies: a COD means we use avoir , otherwise we use être .
Here is one more rule (that also applies for “ entrer ” and others): → When we conjugate using être , the participe passé (“entré”, “sorti”…) must agree with the subject! That means adding an -e for a feminine subject, and a -s for a plural subject.
For example: Il est sorti de la maison à 20 heures. Elle est sortie de la maison… Mon frère et moi, nous sommes sortis… Ma mère et moi (Géraldine), nous sommes sorties… Laura et toi (Robert), vous êtes sortis… Laura et toi (Julie), vous êtes sorties… Ils sont sortis… Elles sont sorties…
“ On ” is the informal “ We ”. Even though it uses the conjugation of the third person singular (“ Il / Elle ”), the past participle will agree with the plural (and the feminine too, if the “we” are all female).
So we would write : Michel et moi (Robert), on est sortis… Juliette et moi (Sophie), on est sorties..
Passer = to pass, to pass by, to drop by… Passer du temps = to spend some time
The same grammar rules apply once again! A COD means we use avoir, otherwise we use être.
So we can write:
- être : Martine est passée me voir à l’hôpital. Martine dropped by to see me at the hospital. → No COD. We use “être”, and “entrée” agrees with “Martine”
- avoir : Arthur a passé son brevet de secourisme. Arthur passed his first aid certificate. → COD = “Son brevet de secourisme”, so “avoir”.
Tourner = to turn, to go around Tourner un film = to shoot a movie
- être : La mosquée est tournée vers la Mecque. The mosque is turned towards Mecca.
- avoir : Apolline a tourné la page de son livre. Apolline turned the page of her book.
Tourner la page (= literally “ to turn the page ”) also means “ to make a fresh start ”.
Monter = to go up, to reach, to assemble…
When something or someone goes from a lower to a higher position, you can use this verb.
Être : Lucie est montée se coucher. = Lucie went upstairs to go to bed. Avoir : Gérard a monté le carton au grenier. = Gérard put the cupboard in the attic.
“ monter un meuble ” = assemble a piece of furniture Tu m’aides à monter mon étagère ? = Can you help me assemble my shelf?
6) Descendre
Descendre = to go down, to get off, to take down… When something or someone goes from a higher to a lower position, you can use this verb.
Être : Diana est descendue du bus. = Diana got off the bus. Avoir : Jacques a descendu la bouteille de vin à la cave. = Jacques took the bottle of wine down to the cellar.
7) Note for advanced students
The same grammar rules also apply for the “ re- ” (= again) versions of these verbs!
So we also have:
- Redescendre…
— Le truc en plus : highest level —
So, we’ve seen that with être , the past participle agrees with the subject.
With avoir , in all our examples, the past participle stays “neutral.” Does that mean it never agrees with anything? No!
That’s the secret, most confusing part of French participe passé for many French children. This grammar rule is almost a rite of passage!
When the direct object comes in the sentence before the past participle, then the past participle agrees with the direct object.
For example: Il a monté son armoire. (= He assembled his shelf) → COD comes after “a monté”, it stays neutral. Il l’a montée (= He assembled it (it = his shelf, in context)) → COD is “ l ” for “shelf”, it comes before “ montée ”, so the past participle agrees with the feminine singular.
You can get a more in-depth look at all the other difficulties that come with French conjugation in this tense, with my lesson on the grammar of Le Passé Composé.
How would you say, in French:
- Pierre entered the bathroom.
- I took out my umbrella.
- Jeanne and Sophie got off the metro.
(Answers: “Pierre est entré dans la salle de bain.” / “J’ai sorti mon parapluie.” / “Jeanne et Sophie sont descendues du métro.”)
Écris une phrase en français avec l’un de ces 6 verbes. Write a sentence in French with one of these 6 verbs.
For example: “ Ce matin, j’ai sorti mon chien. ” (This morning, I walked my dog.)
You can write down your answer in the comments below. In French if you dare!
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Allez, salut 🙂
Join the conversation!
Géraldine, merci pour l’instruction sur ce sujet! Et alors, une question a propos ‘monter’, svp: on dirais “j’ai monté les escaliers,” vrai? Pourquoi pas “je suis monté(e) les escaliers?”
Bonjour Rachel,
Lorsqu’il a un complément direct, le verbe monter se conjugue nécessairement avec l’auxiliaire avoir. Par exemple, on dira : Il a monté l’escalier à toute vitesse.
Belle journée,
Fabien Comme Une Française Team
Arthur a passé son brevet de secourisme means he passed the exam or means he is taking the exam.
Good question. Kind of both, actually.
Some examples: “Je suis en train de passer mon brevet de secourisme” = I’m taking the exam / I’m working on getting my certification. “J’ai passé mon brevet la semaine dernière. Je ne l’ai pas eu.” = I took the exam last week. I didn’t pass. “Ne vous inquiétez pas, j’ai passé mon brevet de secourisme !” = Don’t worry, I have my first aid certitification! “J’ai passé mon permis en 2004” = I got my driver’s license in 2004.
–> Technically, it means “Taking the exam,” so you can say “Passé le brevet, mais pas réussi” (= took the exam but failed) for example. However, in many contexts, you only mention it because you actually passed – so it can be used as a synonym.
In general though, if you want to be clear, you’d rather say “Il a son brevet de secourisme.” (= He has a first aid certification.)
Have a great day,
– Arthur, writer for Comme une Française
My example: Cet après midi, je suis passée au supermarché. C’est bien? Laissez-moi savoir s’il vous plaît !
“Cet après midi, je suis passée au supermarché,” c’est très bien Isabella!
PS: “Laissez-moi savoir” c’est correct grammaticalement. Mais en français, pour dire “let me know,” on dit plutôt “faites moi savoir” / “faites-le moi savoir” (“Make me know” / “Make it known to me” litterally) 🙂
Bonne journée Isabella,
We learned it as DR/MRS/VANDERTRAMPP–each letter represents an «être» verb. Here’s my question: I’ve never seen TOURNER included. Pourquoi? In English, this is more of a passive sentence; the mosque is not really “turning” toward Mecca (someone turned it☺). We could say that it is “positioned” toward Mecca, thus eliminating the action. So I was surprised to see it used as an active subject. Can you tell me if TOURNER with an inanimate subject is sort of an exception to the rule about the subject doing the action?
vielen Dank für diesen Unterricht. Er ist in zwei Fremdsprachen. aher eine herausforderung. Daher brauche ich noch länger, um es zu verstehen. Trotzdem sehr gut
Tres tres utile – merci Geraldine!
Bonjour Géraldine merci beaucoup pou cet leçon. Cela m’a aidé à me rappeler le passé composé. Bonne journée Anne
A top lesson Géraldine, and super helpful for the likes of me who have become pretty rusty on these grammar details. Yes, we open our Bescherelle and immediately we see Être et Avoir ~ absolutely central to all of it. And it brings to mind that charming film titled Être et Avoir about the junior school in rural France and its teacher and young pupils. Anyone who hasn’t seen it is in for a treat when they do. Une leçon excellente ~ merci merci.
Contente que tu aies appris quelque chose, John !
C’est magnifique, Géraldine! Merci beaucoup. Aujourd’hui j’ai appris quelque chose! J’ai sorti la dictionnaire – and let’s hope this doesn’t mean I took it for a walk!
You made me laugh Clare ~ I like your sense of humour 😀
Bonjour Geraldine, Merci beaucoup pour tes videos! CIES Verne’s ont les meme significations multiples au present?
Bonjour Géraldine, Merci de m’aider à réviser mon passé composé ! Cette nuit-là, je suis entrée dans la chambre et j’ai entré tous mes vêtements dans l’armoire. Après, je suis allée chercher certaines de mes photos et je les ai toutes sorties du sac. Bonne journée 🙂
Bravo Felicia ! Attention : on dit “mettre ses vêtements dans l’armoire”, pas “entrer”.
Merci beaucoup Geraldine pour cette explication très utile. J’ai toujours eu du mal à savoir quand on utilise avoir et quand on utilise être avec ces verbes.
Hier, je suis sortie la maison à sept heures et demie et j’ai sorti mon parapluie du placard parce que la meteo a prevu la pluie. Fiona
Bravo Fiona ! Voici une correction : Hier, je suis sortie de la maison à sept heures et demie et j’ai sorti mon parapluie du placard parce que la meteo avait prevu de la pluie.
Tu as descendu les escaliers??? Je ne pense pas que cette phrase a raison. M’aidez, s’il vous plaît! Aussi, s’il y ont quelque gens, mesdames et messieurs, est-ce qu’on dit, par exemple, « on est sortis/?sorties du bus »
Bonjour J’aime beaucoup utiliser ‘avoir’ avec les verbes actifs comme sortir, monter, descendre. Cela ajoute un sens de crédibilité ou du force à ces actions – par example j’ai descendu ma valise du grenier hier. Merci Géraldine
Excellent, Eileen !
Bravo Eileen, c’est très bien.
I enjoy your lessons and videos, but I noticed some mistakes in the written lessons today. Perhaps it has to do with communicating in English. Anyway, « par » is not a pronoun, but a preposition. Also, in your first example about the direct object coming before the past participle with « monter », you wrote: Il a monté son armoire. (= He assembled his shelf) → COD comes before “monté”, it stays neutral. First, it comes after, not before, and second, isn’t it that if the COD comes before the verb, not the past participle, that the past participle needs to agree with the COD?
Hi Stéphane, Merci for letting me know! I’ll clarify this in the blog post.
Would also be helpful to use a noun which doesn’t start with a vowel (la table, may be!) as I did a double take with the armoire as I thought it might be masculine!
Agree, got me confused as well
Merci Géraldine le grenier – the attic, la cave – the cellar. Bonne journée.
ahhhhhh…. Thanks Fiona! These precise 2 words ALWAYS skip my mind…
Merci Géraldine, C’étais très difficile et très bleu quand j’ai monté le sofa d’Ikea.
Le conducteur a tourné le volant après que je suis montée dans le bus.
Bonjour Barbara, Bravo !
Moi, he suis entree a la Madison.
J’ai toujours pensé que “passer un examen” veut dire “essayer un examen”, pas “réussir”. Est-ce que c’est la même chose avec “passer son brevet de secourisme”?
Bonjour Lyon, Selon le contexte, ça peut dire les deux. Par exemple : “J’ai passé mon bac en 1954” : c’est bon, je l’ai eu. “Je passe mon brevet de secourisme demain” : je ne sais pas encore. “J’ai passé mon examen d’infirmière la semaine dernière, j’attends les résultats” : pareil.
La classe est super
Ravie que ça te plaise, Fay.
Tous les jours (plusieurs fois), mon chien va à la porte et me regarde. « Tu veux sortir ? » je lui dis. Il aboie doucement, donc on quitte la maison. Maintenant, je veux dire que j’ai sorti mon chien 🐶 après nous sommes sortis de la maison 🏡.
Bonjour Tom, Tu peux aussi dire “Je suis sorti de la maison pour sortir le chien”. Sinon, ici, ça implique que tu as sorti le chien dans la maison. 🙂
I love this lesson! Merci bien, Geraldine! x Ce soir Je suis montée me coucher très tôt parce que je vole en France demain. 🙂
Bonjour Sabine, Super ! Attention, “to fly” ne se traduit pas (ici) en “voler” mais plutôt en “prendre l’avion pour”. Par exemple : Je suis montée me coucher très tôt parce que je prends l’avion pour la France demain. Bon voyage !
J’ai jamais entendu qu’on utilise être avec le verbe “tourner” au passé composé. Est-ce vrai ou faux qu’il n’y a que 17 verbes qui utilisent être comme verbe auxiliaire au passé composé?
Bonjour Ruth, On peut utiliser tous les verbes au passé composé, pas d’inquiétude. En ce qui concerne les 17 verbes dont tu parles, si tu me donnes la liste, je peux te dire mais je ne connais pas le nombre exact car ce n’est pas très important.
We are often taught which verbs use être with the mnemonic DR V E MANTRAPS MDR or MRS VAN DER TRAMP but I think you are going to tell us this is not an exclusive list?
Bonjour Clare, I had never heard of this trick before. Would you mind telling me more about it? I’m curious now!
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