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We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.
In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.
If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.
Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.
When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.
When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).
The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.
The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:
Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):
Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.
Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.
Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.
The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.
Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.
Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).
You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.
We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?
On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.
For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.
Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .
We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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They also contribute to your final mark, so it's vital that you complete them according to the specified guidelines. Always keep a copy of your assessment in case you are requested to re-submit a copy. ... To check that Unisa has received your assignment, login to myUnisa, click on "myAdmin", "Assessment Admin" and then "Assignments submission".
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Assignments help lecturers to see whether you understand the module, and they help you to learn the work and prepare for exams. They're critical and compulsory - you won't be allowed to write the examination unless you've completed the relevant assignments. Last modified: Mon Aug 07 11:29:56 SAST 2023. University of South Africa.
that your assignments are received by Unisa (preferably 72 hours before the closing date). To enquire whether the university has received your assignment, go to myUnisa or send an e-mail to [email protected] (include your student number in the subject line). Assignments may be • submitted via myUnisa (online) • placed in a Unisa assignment box
According to UNISA regulations, the assignments may count a small percentage of the final mark. In this course, our assignments can contribute a maximum of 15% to the final mark. The reason why it cannot be more than 15% is that we have no guarantee that the work submitted is the student's own work. Also, we allow students to work in groups ...
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participate in online discussion forums. myUnisa provides additional opportunities to take part in activities and discussions of relevance to your module topics, assignments, marks and examina-tions. 1.2 Tutorial matter A tutorial letter is our way of communicating with you about teaching, learning and assessment.
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We spend great effort doing assignments that were not considerred towards the final marks. This will improve on UNISA's pass rate as it is in a poor state. It is a right decision the school has taken. In all other Universities, assignments are regarded as course work which contributes about 30% towards the final mark. 10% at UNISA is good but ...
General information. Unisa wants its students to succeed in their studies and to come to their examinations properly prepared. This is why we insist on all our students submitting a certain number of assignments per course before being allowed to take an examination. Assignments questions and due dates will be made available to you on myModules.
The calculation is done by giving an equal weightage of 50% to both assignment marks. If you only submit assignment 01, your overall grade for the year will be calculated as 50% of the mark you receive for this assignment. This will be your year-end score, graded out of a maximum of 100%. For instance, if you score 80% on assignment 01 and 0% ...
Select an Assignment to Mark. There are two ways to access assignments in learnonline.. Click the Assessment tab from the Administration menu on the left hand side of your course.; Click the arrow to the right of the Assignments option to display a list of the assignments in your course. Alternatively, you can click on the 'Assignments' title to see a full list of the assignments.
Below are the most frequently asked questions about myUNISA. If you have any problem with myUNISA, please look if it is addressed here, before asking for help. >> ... My assignment marks are not showing up on myUNISA! Marks will only display when marking is completed. Allow at least 4 weeks from the due date of the assignment.
They also contribute to your final mark, so it's vital that you complete them according to the specified guidelines. Always keep a copy of your assessment in case you are requested to re-submit a copy. ... To check that Unisa has received your assignment, login to myUnisa, click on "myAdmin", "Assessment Admin" and then "Assignments submission".
Not quite sure what happened to my posted earlier on regarding my marks for Assignment 2, on my Unisa i got 48% and on the posted marked sheet the total mark is 62. Please advise how the final mark was calculated. Reply Quote. Mac. Re: Assignment Marks August 19, 2011 02:25PM Admin Registered: 17 years ago Posts: 10,001
Assignment results can be obtained by. logging into your myUnisa to view your results online OR. Enquire via email to the email address: [email protected] (indicate your student number in the subject heading) Portfolio assignments. As part of your assessment you may be asked to submit a Portfolio. Portfolio are summative assessment but will be ...
Assignment submission methods. All Assignments should be submitted online (via the Internet) using the myUnisa site. Join myUnisa. Before you can use the online assignment submission functions on myUnisa, you have to join as a myUnisa user and allocate yourself a password. Only students who are registered for the current academic year may use ...
We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test, and we know our roles in a Turing test.And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we've spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT.