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Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide

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Definition:

Term paper is a type of academic writing assignment that is typically assigned to students at the end of a semester or term. It is usually a research-based paper that is meant to demonstrate the student’s understanding of a particular topic, as well as their ability to analyze and synthesize information from various sources.

Term papers are usually longer than other types of academic writing assignments and can range anywhere from 5 to 20 pages or more, depending on the level of study and the specific requirements of the assignment. They often require extensive research and the use of a variety of sources, including books, articles, and other academic publications.

Term Paper Format

The format of a term paper may vary depending on the specific requirements of your professor or institution. However, a typical term paper usually consists of the following sections:

• Title page: This should include the title of your paper, your name, the course name and number, your instructor’s name, and the date.
• Abstract : This is a brief summary of your paper, usually no more than 250 words. It should provide an overview of your topic, the research question or hypothesis, your methodology, and your main findings or conclusions.
• Introduction : This section should introduce your topic and provide background information on the subject. You should also state your research question or hypothesis and explain the importance of your research.
• Literature review : This section should review the existing literature on your topic. You should summarize the key findings and arguments made by other scholars and identify any gaps in the literature that your research aims to address.
• Methodology: This section should describe the methods you used to collect and analyze your data. You should explain your research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
• Results : This section should present your findings. You can use tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate your data.
• Discussion : This section should interpret your findings and explain what they mean in relation to your research question or hypothesis. You should also discuss any limitations of your study and suggest areas for future research.
• Conclusion : This section should summarize your main findings and conclusions. You should also restate the importance of your research and its implications for the field.
• References : This section should list all the sources you cited in your paper using a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
• Appendices : This section should include any additional materials that are relevant to your study but not essential to your main argument (e.g., survey questions, interview transcripts).

Structure of Term Paper

Here’s an example structure for a term paper:

I. Introduction

A. Background information on the topic

B. Thesis statement

II. Literature Review

A. Overview of current literature on the topic

B. Discussion of key themes and findings from literature

C. Identification of gaps in current literature

III. Methodology

A. Description of research design

B. Discussion of data collection methods

C. Explanation of data analysis techniques

IV. Results

A. Presentation of findings

B. Analysis and interpretation of results

C. Comparison of results with previous studies

V. Discussion

A. Summary of key findings

B. Explanation of how results address the research questions

C. Implications of results for the field

VI. Conclusion

A. Recap of key points

B. Significance of findings

C. Future directions for research

VII. References

A. List of sources cited in the paper

How to Write Term Paper

Here are some steps to help you write a term paper:

• Choose a topic: Choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your course. If your professor has assigned a topic, make sure you understand it and clarify any doubts before you start.
• Research : Conduct research on your topic by gathering information from various sources such as books, academic journals, and online resources. Take notes and organize your information systematically.
• Create an outline : Create an outline of your term paper by arranging your ideas and information in a logical sequence. Your outline should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Write a thesis statement: Write a clear and concise thesis statement that states the main idea of your paper. Your thesis statement should be included in your introduction.
• Write the introduction: The introduction should grab the reader’s attention, provide background information on your topic, and introduce your thesis statement.
• Write the body : The body of your paper should provide supporting evidence for your thesis statement. Use your research to provide details and examples to support your argument. Make sure to organize your ideas logically and use transition words to connect paragraphs.
• Write the conclusion : The conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.
• Edit and proofread: Edit and proofread your term paper carefully to ensure that it is free of errors and flows smoothly. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
• Format and cite your sources: Follow the formatting guidelines provided by your professor and cite your sources properly using the appropriate citation style.
• Submit your paper : Submit your paper on time and according to the instructions provided by your professor.

Term Paper Example

Here’s an example of a term paper:

Title : The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity

As the world becomes more digitally interconnected, cybersecurity threats are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Traditional security measures are no longer enough to protect against these threats. This paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity, including how AI can be used to detect and respond to threats in real-time, the challenges of implementing AI in cybersecurity, and the potential ethical implications of AI-powered security systems. The paper concludes with recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their cybersecurity strategies.

Introduction :

The increasing number of cybersecurity threats in recent years has led to a growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve cybersecurity. AI has the ability to analyze vast amounts of data and identify patterns and anomalies that may indicate a security breach. Additionally, AI can automate responses to threats, allowing for faster and more effective mitigation of security incidents. However, there are also challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for large amounts of high-quality data, the potential for AI systems to make mistakes, and the ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in security.

Literature Review:

This section of the paper reviews existing research on the use of AI in cybersecurity. It begins by discussing the types of AI techniques used in cybersecurity, including machine learning, natural language processing, and neural networks. The literature review then explores the advantages of using AI in cybersecurity, such as its ability to detect previously unknown threats and its potential to reduce the workload of security analysts. However, the review also highlights some of the challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for high-quality training data and the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks.

Methodology :

To better understand the challenges and opportunities associated with using AI in cybersecurity, this paper conducted a survey of cybersecurity professionals working in a variety of industries. The survey included questions about the types of AI techniques used in their organizations, the challenges they faced when implementing AI in cybersecurity, and their perceptions of the ethical implications of using AI in security.

The results of the survey showed that while many organizations are interested in using AI in cybersecurity, they face several challenges when implementing these systems. These challenges include the need for high-quality training data, the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks, and the difficulty of integrating AI with existing security systems. Additionally, many respondents expressed concerns about the ethical implications of using AI in security, such as the potential for AI to be biased or to make decisions that are harmful to individuals or society as a whole.

Discussion :

Based on the results of the survey and the existing literature, this paper discusses the potential benefits and risks of using AI in cybersecurity. It also provides recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their security strategies, such as the need to prioritize data quality and to ensure that AI systems are transparent and accountable.

Conclusion :

While there are challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, the potential benefits of using these systems are significant. AI can help organizations detect and respond to threats more quickly and effectively, reducing the risk of security breaches. However, it is important for organizations to be aware of the potential ethical implications of using AI in security and to take steps to ensure that these systems are transparent and accountable.

References:

• Alkhaldi, S., Al-Daraiseh, A., & Lutfiyya, H. (2019). A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Cyber Security. Journal of Information Security, 10(03), 191-207.
• Gartner. (2019). Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2020. Retrieved from https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2020/
• Kshetri, N. (2018). Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. International Journal of Information Management, 39, 80-89.
• Lipton, Z. C. (2018). The mythos of model interpretability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03490.
• Schneier, B. (2019). Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-Connected World. WW Norton & Company.
• Wahab, M. A., Rahman, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2020). A Survey on AI Techniques in Cybersecurity. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 11(2), 22-27.

When to Write Term Paper

A term paper is usually a lengthy research paper that is assigned to students at the end of a term or semester. There are several situations when writing a term paper may be required, including:

• As a course requirement: In most cases, a term paper is required as part of the coursework for a particular course. It may be assigned by the instructor as a way of assessing the student’s understanding of the course material.
• To explore a specific topic : A term paper can be an excellent opportunity for students to explore a specific topic of interest in-depth. It allows them to conduct extensive research on the topic and develop their understanding of it.
• To develop critical thinking skills : Writing a term paper requires students to engage in critical thinking and analysis. It helps them to develop their ability to evaluate and interpret information, as well as to present their ideas in a clear and coherent manner.
• To prepare for future academic or professional pursuits: Writing a term paper can be an excellent way for students to prepare for future academic or professional pursuits. It can help them to develop the research and writing skills necessary for success in higher education or in a professional career.

Purpose of Term Paper

The main purposes of a term paper are:

• Demonstrate mastery of a subject: A term paper provides an opportunity for students to showcase their knowledge and understanding of a particular subject. It requires students to research and analyze the topic, and then present their findings in a clear and organized manner.
• Develop critical thinking skills: Writing a term paper requires students to think critically about their subject matter, analyzing various sources and viewpoints, and evaluating evidence to support their arguments.
• Improve writing skills : Writing a term paper helps students improve their writing skills, including organization, clarity, and coherence. It also requires them to follow specific formatting and citation guidelines, which can be valuable skills for future academic and professional endeavors.
• Contribute to academic discourse : A well-written term paper can contribute to academic discourse by presenting new insights, ideas, and arguments that add to the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic.
• Prepare for future research : Writing a term paper can help prepare students for future research, by teaching them how to conduct a literature review, evaluate sources, and formulate research questions and hypotheses. It can also help them develop research skills that they can apply in future academic or professional endeavors.

Advantages of Term Paper

There are several advantages of writing a term paper, including:

• In-depth exploration: Writing a term paper allows you to delve deeper into a specific topic, allowing you to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
• Improved writing skills: Writing a term paper involves extensive research, critical thinking, and the organization of ideas into a cohesive written document. As a result, writing a term paper can improve your writing skills significantly.
• Demonstration of knowledge: A well-written term paper demonstrates your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter, which can be beneficial for academic or professional purposes.
• Development of research skills : Writing a term paper requires conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and synthesizing information from various sources. This process can help you develop essential research skills that can be applied in many other areas.
• Enhancement of critical thinking : Writing a term paper encourages you to think critically, evaluate information, and develop well-supported arguments. These skills can be useful in many areas of life, including personal and professional decision-making.
• Preparation for further academic work : Writing a term paper is excellent preparation for more extensive academic projects, such as a thesis or dissertation.

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Definition of term paper

Examples of term paper in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'term paper.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1873, in the meaning defined above

Dictionary Entries Near term paper

term policy

Cite this Entry

“Term paper.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/term%20paper. Accessed 10 Aug. 2024.

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How To Write a Term Paper: A Guide That Works

30 June, 2020

16 minutes read

Author:  Mathieu Johnson

Once you’ve started your university career, you are going to be asked to present a term paper. What’s the difference between a term paper and a research paper? How can you write a good term? What’s the best way to structure it? Where can you find some tips to make the writing process faster? In this article, we’ll discuss a few tips to help you prepare a term paper quickly and professionally.

What Is a Term Paper… And What Is The First Step?

A term paper is a critical and analytical report on the topic or subject that you covered within the course of studies. It usually consists of two separate but equally important aspects: your own thoughts about the topic and a demonstration of your understanding of the existing literature. The main goal of this assignment is to summarize the material you learned and showcase your understanding of the topic. This aspect makes the term paper a universal instrument for assessing a student’s proficiency. It also explains why term papers cost so many points of your course grade.

We usually associate a term paper with a research paper , but although the concepts are quite similar, a research paper requires a more academic approach and a deeper investigation into the literature of your field of study.

To write an outstanding college term paper, you must understand that your professor has requested it in order to test your analytical thinking skills. You must collect relevant data, analyze it, and then make a summary or solve a particular problem. Such skills are highly relevant to the business world, so this type of the task is as practical as it is educational.

So, let’s start the preparation!

Before you begin writing

Unfortunately, there is no magical recipe that allows you to get everything done fast. You will need to choose the best way forward in whatever situation you find yourself, but here are some tips to help you prepare for the assignment.

To begin with, take the research stage seriously . Sometimes, when students are really interested in a topic, they only want to present their personal ideas about the problem. Unfortunately, if you’re not completely familiar with all the data from the various sources, you will need to reinvent the bicycle.

Term paper writing was never an easy ride. Well, not for our expert writers. Place an order with our term paper writing service and secure yourself an “A!”

In the initial stages of your research, investigate everything you can find on the topic . This may sound like a tall order, but you’ll find that it doesn’t actually entail that much reading. At this point you are only compiling the research, so you will be skimming through numerous prospects rather than reading them completely. Bear in mind that your aim is to get acquainted with the various aspects of your problem. The term paper summarizes the knowledge you gained within a course and requires to familiarize yourself with the research that other people have already made on your topic.

Thinking that your opinions are completely original and unique is quite egocentric, and it can get you into trouble. So, “your” thoughts about the problem are usually just somebody else’s statements that you have rephrased (or even a well-established academic concept!). Remember that your professor will be familiar with all the literature surrounding the issue: if you merely rewrite someone else’s thoughts and present them as your own (even if you don’t realize doing it), be prepared for criticism!

Applying a Structure To Your Term Paper

Once you have read all the leading authors and their approaches to your problem, it’s time to create a structure for your work. This is not yet an outline; you just need to decide what to write about. Sketch out the topic for the theoretical portion of your work and think about practical aspects and how you can approach the research in the best possible way.

At this point, you really need to call or email your supervisor . Your professor will have seen hundreds of term papers like yours (i.e., they have not yet been written, but a definite idea exists!) and will be prepared to give you feedback and advice. He or she will tell you what literature you have omitted, offer suggestions about what you should read, and give you feedback about your paper. It may well be that your approach has already occurred to somebody else, in which case there is no need to repeat it.

Choosing a Topic: Easy as Riding a Bike?

When you choose your topic, make sure you choose something that you are interested in . That’s our advice if you want a painless term paper. If you prefer to investigate a field that you’ve never really explored before, you can challenge yourself to do that, too. That might be sophisticated, but why not?

If you decide to investigate a topic or a problem that you are pretty familiar with, your writing will be more fluid. You will focus your attention on a specific aspect of the chosen field and expand your knowledge within that scope. On the contrary, choosing an unfamiliar subject matter can wash out your expertise.

Be prepared to change the topic if you find out that your research isn’t going anywhere. It might occur that you presuppose that your topic has a potential but somewhere at the stage of initial research, you find that it just won’t work. It’s always a good idea to consider two or three topics when you kick off the term paper writing – even if they are just different ways of examining the same problem. By doing this, you will be able to choose the best version, which may not be the one you started with at all!

Related Post: 100 Persuasive essay topics

Formulating a Thesis statement

Writing a proper thesis statement can also be challenging. To begin with, write down a couple of prominent ideas or concepts, then try to make rough drafts of them to see how they’ll work in the structural framework. You will probably find that one idea fits your style, interests, and knowledge base: you can choose that one as your thesis statement.

Remember that the thesis statement is the skeleton, the central concept of your paper. It is the elemental attribute of almost any academic paper – from master’s thesis to a simple five paragraph essay. If you do a thorough job on it, you will find that writing (and defending!) your argument is much easier.

Be aware that all of these stages are parts of a procedure – one leads to another. When writing a term paper, you should collect the material and wrap it up at the same time.

Planning – The Key To Success

Some people claim that they can write a term paper without any planning. In our opinion, this is impossible. If you don’t have a postgraduate degree and you aren’t a certified genius, you need to prepare an outline for your project. It may come as a surprise, but even people who claim otherwise actually prepare outlines – in their heads. But if you don’t have that much experience, use a pencil and your notebook to ensure that you don’t forget anything.

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That’s when we get to preparing your first draft . There’s only one thing to add here: do as many drafts as you need in order to achieve your goal. Understand that your aim is to create an excellent term paper and keep working at it until you are satisfied.

Term Paper Outline: Write Everything In The Proper Section!

In the Introduction , state the topic that you are going to investigate and the context of your work. This is the critical ‘selling’ moment of your work. In a nutshell, your introduction combined with a conclusion should give a sneak peek into what the whole paper is about. If your introduction is well-prepared, it will be quite complacent about the body of your project. The introduction must include an abstract that presents your thesis statement . You should explain your motivation (why should the reader be concerned about this problem?) , your methods (what scientific tools did you use?) , and the results (what you achieved) .

The Literature Review totally corresponds to its name – it is here to review the literature you compiled. Your professor will double check it to make sure that you understand the context of your argument. One more thing to add is: collect all the information you can! Ideally, you should read or at least glance through every book and author that you can find on the topic. Think of your task as a fascinating journey: if you approach it like that, reading hundreds of pages won’t seem like that much of a challenge.

In the Discussion , you must present the interpretations of the problem. Be honest, explain what you pieces of data you don’t agree with and what ideas and concepts you support. This section connects the dots between theory and practice when writing a term paper. Wherever possible, provide several interpretations of the subject matter, then choose the one(s) that are most relevant to the case you are presenting.

In the Body , focus on those arguments that prove your thesis statement. This section must be absolutely logical. If you have chosen a more complicated topic, use heading and sub-headings to improve the appearance of this section. While writing the body, keep your target audience (your professors) in mind. In other words, don’t just record the obvious causes/effects/solutions but also showcase your own findings – what you have discovered and how that proves your thesis statement. Demonstrate that you are familiar with the details and you will stun your readers with the prolific mastery of the topic.

Now, the Conclusion   is her to summarize both the content and the purpose of the paper. The most challenging part is not to make it too dry. Reiterate your thesis statement and briefly show how your results justified your proposition. At the very end, you can suggest a call to action or pose a rhetorical question or statement that leaves your reader wanting more.

What to do next?

When you have finished, reread your work a couple of times. You will almost certainly find a few faults, whether they are contextual, factual, syntactical, grammatical, or even simple spelling mistakes. A very useful tip is to wait for two or three days after writing your final draft to proofread it afterward. Your brain will have time to process the information, and you’ll be able to look at it with a fresh view.

When proofreading, take care to polish the structural problems. The skeleton (the logic and the thesis statement) should make sense. If they don’t, try to approach the problem from another perspective. The changes may take some time, but bear in mind that your objective is to produce professional work. Be patient!

After that, print the term paper. The human eye processes information differently on the paper than on a computer screen; that’s why you need to print it and take one final look for any possible mistakes. Even if you don’t see any serious defects, pay attention to formatting, punctuation, and synonyms. It’s an academic text, so make it shine!

Term Paper Sample

Be sure to check the sample of a term paper, completed by our writers. Use it as an example to perfect your own writing. Link:  Term Paper Sample: Consumer Buying Behavior .

The Do’s and Don’ts of Term Paper Writing

There you have the most important tips to help you succeed in writing a term paper. Now it’s up to you to stop reading and start writing!

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Everything You Need to Know to Write an A+ Term Paper

Last Updated: March 4, 2024 Fact Checked

Sample Term Papers

Researching & outlining.

• Drafting Your Paper
• Revising Your Paper

Expert Q&A

This article was co-authored by Matthew Snipp, PhD and by wikiHow staff writer, Raven Minyard, BA . C. Matthew Snipp is the Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Humanities and Sciences in the Department of Sociology at Stanford University. He is also the Director for the Institute for Research in the Social Science’s Secure Data Center. He has been a Research Fellow at the U.S. Bureau of the Census and a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He has published 3 books and over 70 articles and book chapters on demography, economic development, poverty and unemployment. He is also currently serving on the National Institute of Child Health and Development’s Population Science Subcommittee. He holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin—Madison. There are 13 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 2,244,984 times.

A term paper is a written assignment given to students at the end of a course to gauge their understanding of the material. Term papers typically count for a good percentage of your overall grade, so of course, you’ll want to write the best paper possible. Luckily, we’ve got you covered. In this article, we’ll teach you everything you need to know to write an A+ term paper, from researching and outlining to drafting and revising.

Quick Steps to Write a Term Paper

• Hook your readers with an interesting and informative intro paragraph. State your thesis and your main points.
• Support your thesis by providing quotes and evidence that back your claim in your body paragraphs.
• Summarize your main points and leave your readers with a thought-provoking question in your conclusion.

• Think of your term paper as the bridge between what you’ve learned in class and how you apply that knowledge to real-world topics.
• For example, a history term paper may require you to explore the consequences of a significant historical event, like the Civil War. An environmental science class, on the other hand, may have you examine the effects of climate change on a certain region.
• Your guidelines should tell you the paper’s word count and formatting style, like whether to use in-text citations or footnotes and whether to use single- or double-spacing. If these things aren’t specified, be sure to reach out to your instructor.

• Make sure your topic isn’t too broad. For example, if you want to write about Shakespeare’s work, first narrow it down to a specific play, like Macbeth , then choose something even more specific like Lady Macbeth’s role in the plot.
• If the topic is already chosen for you, explore unique angles that can set your content and information apart from the more obvious approaches many others will probably take. [3] X Research source
• Try not to have a specific outcome in mind, as this will close you off to new ideas and avenues of thinking. Rather than trying to mold your research to fit your desired outcome, allow the outcome to reflect a genuine analysis of the discoveries you made. Ask yourself questions throughout the process and be open to having your beliefs challenged.
• Reading other people's comments, opinions, and entries on a topic can often help you to refine your own, especially where they comment that "further research" is required or where they posit challenging questions but leave them unanswered.

• For example, if you’re writing a term paper about Macbeth , your primary source would be the play itself. Then, look for other research papers and analyses written by academics and scholars to understand how they interpret the text.

• For example, if you’re writing a paper about Lady Macbeth, your thesis could be something like “Shakespeare’s characterization of Lady Macbeth reveals how desire for power can control someone’s life.”
• Remember, your research and thesis development doesn’t stop here. As you continue working through both the research and writing, you may want to make changes that align with the ideas forming in your mind and the discoveries you continue to unearth.
• On the other hand, don’t keep looking for new ideas and angles for fear of feeling confined. At some point, you’re going to have to say enough is enough and make your point. You may have other opportunities to explore these questions in future studies, but for now, remember your term paper has a finite word length and an approaching due date!

• Abstract: An abstract is a concise summary of your paper that informs readers of your topic, its significance, and the key points you’ll explore. It must stand on its own and make sense without referencing outside sources or your actual paper.
• Introduction: The introduction establishes the main idea of your paper and directly states the thesis. Begin your introduction with an attention-grabbing sentence to intrigue your readers, and provide any necessary background information to establish your paper’s purpose and direction.
• Body paragraphs: Each body paragraph focuses on a different argument supporting your thesis. List specific evidence from your sources to back up your arguments. Provide detailed information about your topic to enhance your readers’ understanding. In your outline, write down the main ideas for each body paragraph and any outstanding questions or points you’re not yet sure about.
• Results: Depending on the type of term paper you’re writing, your results may be incorporated into your body paragraphs or conclusion. These are the insights that your research led you to. Here you can discuss how your perspective and understanding of your topic shifted throughout your writing process.
• Conclusion: Your conclusion summarizes your argument and findings. You may restate your thesis and major points as you wrap up your paper.

Drafting Your Term Paper

• Writing an introduction can be challenging, but don’t get too caught up on it. As you write the rest of your paper, your arguments might change and develop, so you’ll likely need to rewrite your intro at the end, anyway. Writing your intro is simply a means of getting started and you can always revise it later. [10] X Trustworthy Source PubMed Central Journal archive from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Go to source
• Be sure to define any words your readers might not understand. For example, words like “globalization” have many different meanings depending on context, and it’s important to state which ones you’ll be using as part of your introductory paragraph.

• Try to relate the subject of the essay (say, Plato’s Symposium ) to a tangentially related issue you happen to know something about (say, the growing trend of free-wheeling hookups in frat parties). Slowly bring the paragraph around to your actual subject and make a few generalizations about why this aspect of the book/subject is so fascinating and worthy of study (such as how different the expectations for physical intimacy were then compared to now).

• You can also reflect on your own experience of researching and writing your term paper. Discuss how your understanding of your topic evolved and any unexpected findings you came across.

• While peppering quotes throughout your text is a good way to help make your point, don’t overdo it. If you use too many quotes, you’re basically allowing other authors to make the point and write the paper for you. When you do use a quote, be sure to explain why it is relevant in your own words.
• Try to sort out your bibliography at the beginning of your writing process to avoid having a last-minute scramble. When you have all the information beforehand (like the source’s title, author, publication date, etc.), it’s easier to plug them into the correct format.

Revising & Finalizing Your Term Paper

• Trade in weak “to-be” verbs for stronger “action” verbs. For example: “I was writing my term paper” becomes “I wrote my term paper.”

• It’s extremely important to proofread your term paper. If your writing is full of mistakes, your instructor will assume you didn’t put much effort into your paper. If you have too many errors, your message will be lost in the confusion of trying to understand what you’ve written.

• If you add or change information to make things clearer for your readers, it’s a good idea to look over your paper one more time to catch any new typos that may have come up in the process.

• The best essays are like grass court tennis—the argument should flow in a "rally" style, building persuasively to the conclusion. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0
• If you get stuck, consider giving your professor a visit. Whether you're still struggling for a thesis or you want to go over your conclusion, most instructors are delighted to help and they'll remember your initiative when grading time rolls around. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 1
• At least 2 hours for 3-5 pages.
• At least 4 hours for 8-10 pages.
• At least 6 hours for 12-15 pages.
• Double those hours if you haven't done any homework and you haven't attended class.
• For papers that are primarily research-based, add about two hours to those times (although you'll need to know how to research quickly and effectively, beyond the purview of this brief guide).

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• ↑ https://www.binghamton.edu/counseling/self-help/term-paper.html
• ↑ Matthew Snipp, PhD. Research Fellow, U.S. Bureau of the Census. Expert Interview. 26 March 2020.
• ↑ https://emory.libanswers.com/faq/44525
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/planresearchpaper/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/thesis_statement_tips.html
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/outline
• ↑ https://gallaudet.edu/student-success/tutorial-center/english-center/writing/guide-to-writing-introductions-and-conclusions/
• ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26731827
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/writing-an-abstract-for-your-research-paper/
• ↑ https://www.ivcc.edu/stylesite/Essay_Title.pdf
• ↑ https://www.uni-flensburg.de/fileadmin/content/institute/anglistik/dokumente/downloads/how-to-write-a-term-paper-daewes.pdf
• ↑ https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185937
• ↑ https://www.cornerstone.edu/blog-post/six-steps-to-really-edit-your-paper/

About This Article

If you need to write a term paper, choose your topic, then start researching that topic. Use your research to craft a thesis statement which states the main idea of your paper, then organize all of your facts into an outline that supports your thesis. Once you start writing, state your thesis in the first paragraph, then use the body of the paper to present the points that support your argument. End the paper with a strong conclusion that restates your thesis. For tips on improving your term paper through active voice, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How to Write a Successful Term Paper

By: Tasha Kolesnikova

Studying at college or university, you have to deal with a variety of assignments. They are necessary to gain new knowledge, skills, and experience important for your future career. Some tasks may be pretty easy, while others require a lot of time and effort. However, you should challenge yourself because it is when you’re developing and becoming better.

Can I Ignore the Length Requirements?

Introduction, make sure you have enough time, start by creating an outline, use a strong tongue, don't forget about proofreading, how to write a term paper proposal, how to start a term paper, how to finish a term paper, term paper apa formatting, term paper mla formatting, term paper chicago formatting, social issues topics.

Regardless of the major you choose, each discipline has a specific structure and goals. You’ll have lectures, practical lessons, internships, and so on. Your professor may use different strategies to test your knowledge, and writing is one of them.

It is not so hard when it goes about regular essays. But the term paper is something the most students are afraid of. It is a voluminous piece that synthesis all your knowledge received during the course.

We’re ready to provide you with an ultimate guide to write a term paper. Let’s start from the beginning.

Definition of a Term Paper

A term paper is a research document that you write after a semester or year of work. This assignment helps you determine your understanding of the course content and the aspects required by the curriculum.

Writing a term paper has other purposes as well. Working on your task, you delve deeper into the discipline, get acquainted with its main problems and challenges. It also improves your analytical, critical thinking, and writing skills, which are useful both during your studies and after university.

Your professor can assign you a specific topic, depending on the material being studied. Sometimes the choice is up to you, or you can choose a narrower theme from a broader list of options.

Regardless of the title, it would help if you delved in. We’ve prepared some actionable tips to come up with outstanding writing. You may follow them or send us your “ write my essay ” message if you need professional assistance. Our authors are eager to share their experiences and help you to boost academic performance.

How Long Is a Term Paper?

There is no universal standard for the volume you should adhere to. It depends on the requirements of your institution.

If you search for this information on the Internet, you will see that different sources offer different data. One website claims that you need to submit a 10-page document, while another writes about 45 pages. This is why it is important to read your professor's requirements carefully.

The volume determines which approach you take to writing. For example, if your paper is short, you need to state your thoughts concisely and clearly, going straight to the point. If it is long, do not fill the pages with hot air, but try to do thorough research and look at the issue from different angles.

You may write about 10% less or more, but overall try to adhere to the particular number of pages or words. All students are in identical conditions, so your article should be standardized. If you don’t know what to write about, ask your professor about additional instructions.

It would also be a great idea to read some examples written by other students or professional authors. Filter out the documents with the same volume as you need and pay notice to the paper writer's structure .

Term Paper and Research Paper - Differences

We understand if you are confused after reading our introduction. If you need to conduct research, why are you writing a term paper and not a research one?

Many students confuse these two types of assignments. But certain aspects indicate the differences between them.

Writing a research paper takes months or even years. It covers various aspects of the topic, up to the development of new strategies and innovative ideas.

The term paper should be submitted by the end of the semester or year. Its content is based on the material covered. Of course, you can use additional resources, but in general, custom term paper assignment is only relevant to the themes you discussed in class.

The purpose is another crucial difference between the two assignments.

When you work on a research paper, you need to work through the problem and find a viable solution. You are dealing with a hypothesis that needs to be confirmed or refuted.

The term papers have the task of reflecting your knowledge of the discipline. It is more straightforward but influences the final score much more.

What Are Parts of Term Paper?

Each student paper has its structure you should strictly adhere to. It is useful to organize your thoughts and to provide your readers with a clear and understandable text. Here is the list of the main parts you should include in your term assignment.

The cover or title page is necessary to introduce your paper and provide the basic information about it, including your data, professor’s name, topic, etc. More detailed requirements depend on the particular formatting style, so read your instructions carefully.

This part is something like a short introduction to your paper. It lets your readers understand the overall direction, the issue you explore, and why you have decided to choose this particular theme. If you have additional comments that may be interesting for your audience, provide them here as well.

Start your paper with an exciting and engaging statement. The main thing you should know about the thesis is that it is a pivot point of your writing. You build all body paragraphs and the primary research around it.

If you don’t know how to write a thesis , you may read some articles or ask for professional help.

The body consists of the main paragraphs. The traditional essay structure includes 3 of them; however, if you’re writing a 10-pages or even 40-pages paper, you should change your structure according to requirements.

You should develop your findings, ideas, or arguments, considering the final goal. For example, if your task is to analyze some issues and perceive readers to accept your point of view, you should provide compelling evidence-based arguments. If you need to explore the theme, write down, and develop the main ideas it covers. Make sure each paragraph is devoted to one aspect only.

This part is of great significance because you should show particular progress. Have you accepted certain things about your topic? Have you changed your view from the moment you started working on the piece? Any insights you’ve gained you should describe in the Results section. If you’re not satisfied with them, you can explain the reasons here as well.

It is a conclusion chapter where you can wrap up. You should analyze your text and provide readers with the next steps one should follow to continue one’s research on the subject you’re working through.

As an unusual essay conclusion, the discussion doesn’t contain any new information.

Main Tips to Write a Killer Term Paper

Do not hope that you will complete this task in a day or an hour. Some students make the mistake of starting paper right away. This is a beginner's mistake. You may think that if you have already written a few lines, this indicates significant progress. But these proposals will be weak, meaningless.

Any work takes time. Think of it as a project with specific goals. You can split a task into multiple milestones and set a deadline for each one.

If you realize that you cannot write this piece on time, hire an experienced writer. The more experience you have, the faster the process lasts.

So, you've gathered enough information. We understand if you don't know what to do next and what your first step should be.

Get a sense of control with a paper outline. This is your plan that describes all stages of the process. It also helps you organize your time and information.

In the end, you can come back to this plan again to check how the final version matches your initial expectations. If you have developed a high-quality outline, you can quickly determine which aspects of the document are needed and which are just filling the space.

You should write the term paper competently. You have done the research, collected enough information, analyzed it. Any of your doubts will indicate a lack of professionalism.

This is why you need to keep an eye on your writing style. Formal academic writing involves an active voice, professional vocabulary, and no fluffy words. You don't need to write something that doesn't make any sense for the main task.

Remember, we said that writing a term paper is long and complicated? Most students hate this. They spent a lot of time writing all sections of the article and do not feel like proofreading the entire text.

But if you have not yet encountered academic writing, you may not imagine how many mistakes a text can contain. Even if you are a very literate person, you may not notice some typos and occasional flaws. Of course, this does not make you incompetent, but readers can lose confidence in your paper.

Proofread the piece very thoroughly and carefully. Wait a few days before doing this; your brain should not be tired.

How to Make a Term Paper Outline

An outline is the part of the writing process that deserves a little more attention.

Use it as the guiding map that is always ready to point you in the right direction if you get confused.

There are several ways to design an outline, and you can download different templates from the Internet.

Some methods are suitable for people who like to organize all information in a coherent plan. But if you are a creative person, you can also choose a suitable template for yourself. For example, a mind map.

An outline is not something that your professor will check, so you don't have to worry about the exact format and details. The main thing is to make sure that you fully understand the content and use it for your writing.

Even before you start researching a topic and writing, you need to prepare a college term paper proposal. This is a document that will help you defend your idea in front of the professor. Even before starting the main work, you will submit this proposal to get approval.

You need to show the importance of this theme by including recent data with correct links. Why do you think your piece will correlate with the course syllabus? How is it useful for you and your fellow students?

Set goals for your college assignment and organize your ideas into one article. This will let the professor know that you have understood the assignment correctly.

It's okay if you fail at this stage. It is needed just so that the professor checks whether you are on the same wavelength and can provide you with any further instructions.

So, you received confirmation from your professor, came up with a topic, conducted initial research, and made an outline. What's next?

• Try to narrow down your topic. You need a learning perspective that allows you to organize and structure your thoughts.
• Create bait for your readers. Have a brainstorming session and write down different ideas: rhetorical questions, anecdotes, statistical facts, etc
• Come up with a thesis statement. If you cannot summarize your article's main idea in 1-2 sentences, you need to return to the first step and think about narrowing the topic.
• Check out the style requirements. Your piece must be in a standardized format. Below you will learn more about APA format and others.
• Do more research. You can go deeper because now you know your goals better. Use quality and trusted sources only.
• Write the first sentence. If you worry too much, just start. You may delete the first sentences later, but don’t look for a perfect moment: start as soon as you have enough information.

You may think that the conclusion chapter is not so important because it doesn’t provide your readers with any new information. However, each section has its tasks and goals, so don't relax too early.

The last paragraphs should provide an answer to a fundamental question. This question is “So what?”. Just imagine your regular reader who finishes the text and doesn’t understand what is next. Was your text just a pleasant evening reading? Is it one more piece to improve academic performance? Or is it something more that was created to contribute to the field you’ve studied?

If you don’t have strict instructions from your professor, you can decide on your own. Think about questions your work creates, and provide the audience with steps to follow.

Term Paper Format

All college and university papers must be standardized. The requirements are the same for all students regardless of their educational institutions. If you plan to pursue a scientific career, you’ll deal with these standards all the time.

Formatting is not the most straightforward task because you need always be concentrated on some details that seem to be useless for you. It is clear why you should develop a unique thesis statement, but some students can’t get why they should use the particular font type or double-spacing.

That’s why formatting is one of the most popular writing services. While you’re working on tasks you like, the professional author and editor provide you with quality formatting.

Several styles are typical for the modern scientific society. Let’s look at them to get a basic understanding.

If you are studying psychology or other social sciences, the APA format is your choice. Here's a shortlist of the main things to consider:

• White A4 sheet 8.5 x 11 inches.
• Times New Roman or other easily readable 12 point font.
• Double spacing for all text.
• 1 "margins on the left, right, top, and bottom of the sheet.
• Indent the paragraph by 1/2 inch.
• The first-page heading, which includes the capitalized running head and the page number.

The MLA style is the preferred guideline for dealing with the humanities such as English and Literature, Arts, etc. Some of the features of this style are:

• Times New Roman, Arial or similar, 12 point font.
• Double spacing for the entire document. Get rid of single or one and a half intervals.
• Enter your contact details and instructor in the upper left corner.
• Take care of 1 "padding on all sides of the sheet.
• Add your last name and page number to all pages in the upper right corner.
• Align the title of the article in the center. Don't use bold, italic, quotation marks, underlines, etc.
• Align the entire article to the left.
• Indent all paragraphs to the right 1/2 inch.

Chicago or Turabian styles are used when it goes about the law assignments. The requirements are similar, but there are some differences as well. Take a look at this list:

• Times, Times New Roman 12 pt font.
• 1-inch margins on all sides.
• Double-spacing.
• Left-justified text with a ragged right edge.
• 12 inch indent for the first sentence of each paragraph.
• Provide page numbers in the top right corner.

Of course, we can’t provide you with all the format requirements in this article. You should have an official relevant guide with all details and examples to follow. Ask your professor if you have any questions. And don’t forget about correct citing, it is necessary to avoid plagiarism.

• The main arguments for and against the death penalty.
• What is more important: national identity or globalization?
• Social isolation and its consequences.
• Should church and state function together?
• Could modern advertising be dangerous?

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• a long essay, report, or the like, written by a student as an assignment over the course of a term or semester.

Word History and Origins

Origin of term paper 1

How to Write a Term Paper From Start to Finish

The term paper, often regarded as the culmination of a semester's hard work, is a rite of passage for students in pursuit of higher education. Here's an interesting fact to kick things off: Did you know that the term paper's origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, where scholars like Plato and Aristotle utilized written works to explore and document their philosophical musings? Just as these great minds once wrote their thoughts on parchment, you, too, can embark on this intellectual voyage with confidence and skill.

How to Write a Term Paper: Short Description

In this article, we'll delve into the core purpose of this kind of assignment – to showcase your understanding of a subject, your research abilities, and your capacity to communicate complex ideas effectively. But it doesn't stop there. We'll also guide you in the art of creating a well-structured term paper format, a roadmap that will not only keep you on track but also ensure your ideas flow seamlessly and logically. Packed with valuable tips on writing, organization, and time management, this resource promises to equip you with the tools needed to excel in your academic writing.

Understanding What Is a Term Paper

A term paper, a crucial component of your college education, is often assigned towards the conclusion of a semester. It's a vehicle through which educators gauge your comprehension of the course content. Imagine it as a bridge between what you've learned in class and your ability to apply that knowledge to real-world topics.

For instance, in a history course, you might be asked to delve into the causes and consequences of a significant historical event, such as World War II. In a psychology class, your term paper might explore the effects of stress on mental health, or in an environmental science course, you could analyze the impact of climate change on a specific region.

Writing a term paper isn't just about summarizing facts. It requires a blend of organization, deep research, and the art of presenting your findings in a way that's both clear and analytical. This means structuring your arguments logically, citing relevant sources, and critically evaluating the information you've gathered.

For further guidance, we've prepared an insightful guide for you authored by our expert essay writer . It's brimming with practical tips and valuable insights to help you stand out in this academic endeavor and earn the recognition you deserve.

How to Start a Term Paper

Before you start, keep the guidelines for the term paper format firmly in mind. If you have any doubts, don't hesitate to reach out to your instructor for clarification before you begin your research and writing process. And remember, procrastination is your worst enemy in this endeavor. If you're aiming to produce an exceptional piece and secure a top grade, it's essential to plan ahead and allocate dedicated time each day to work on it. Now, let our term paper writing services provide you with some valuable tips to help you on your journey:

• Hone Your Topic : Start by cultivating a learning mindset that empowers you to effectively organize your thoughts. Discover how to research a topic in the section below.
• Hook Your Readers: Initiate a brainstorming session and unleash a barrage of creative ideas to captivate your audience right from the outset. Pose intriguing questions, share compelling anecdotes, offer persuasive statistics, and more.
• Craft a Concise Thesis Statement Example : If you find yourself struggling to encapsulate the main idea of your paper in just a sentence or two, it's time to revisit your initial topic and consider narrowing it down.
• Understand Style Requirements: Your work must adhere to specific formatting guidelines. Delve into details about the APA format and other pertinent regulations in the section provided.
• Delve Deeper with Research : Equipped with a clearer understanding of your objectives, dive into your subject matter with a discerning eye. Ensure that you draw from reputable and reliable sources.
• Begin Writing: Don't obsess over perfection from the get-go. Just start writing, and don't worry about initial imperfections. You can always revise or remove those early sentences later. The key is to initiate the term papers as soon as you've amassed sufficient information.

Ace your term paper with EssayPro 's expert help. Our academic professionals are here to guide you through every step, ensuring your term paper is well-researched, structured, and written to the highest standards.

Term Paper Topics

Selecting the right topic for your term paper is a critical step, one that can significantly impact your overall experience and the quality of your work. While instructors sometimes provide specific topics, there are instances when you have the freedom to choose your own. To guide you on how to write a term paper, consider the following factors when deciding on your dissertation topics :

• Relevance to Assignment Length: Begin by considering the required length of your paper. Whether it's a substantial 10-page paper or a more concise 5-page one, understanding the word count will help you determine the appropriate scope for your subject. This will inform whether your topic should be broad or more narrowly focused.
• Availability of Resources : Investigate the resources at your disposal. Check your school or community library for books and materials that can support your research. Additionally, explore online sources to ensure you have access to a variety of reference materials.
• Complexity and Clarity : Ensure you can effectively explain your chosen topic, regardless of how complex it may seem. If you encounter areas that are challenging to grasp fully, don't hesitate to seek guidance from experts or your professor. Clarity and understanding are key to producing a well-structured term paper.
• Avoiding Overused Concepts : Refrain from choosing overly trendy or overused topics. Mainstream subjects often fail to captivate the interest of your readers or instructors, as they can lead to repetitive content. Instead, opt for a unique angle or approach that adds depth to your paper.
• Manageability and Passion : While passion can drive your choice of topic, it's important to ensure that it is manageable within the given time frame and with the available resources. If necessary, consider scaling down a topic that remains intriguing and motivating to you, ensuring it aligns with your course objectives and personal interests.

Worrying About the Quality of Your Upcoming Essay?

"Being highly trained professionals, our writers can provide term paper help by creating a paper specifically tailored to your needs.

Term Paper Outline

Before embarking on the journey of writing a term paper, it's crucial to establish a well-structured outline. Be mindful of any specific formatting requirements your teacher may have in mind, as these will guide your outline's structure. Here's a basic format to help you get started:

• Cover Page: Begin with a cover page featuring your name, course number, teacher's name, and the deadline date, centered at the top.
• Abstract: Craft a concise summary of your work that informs readers about your paper's topic, its significance, and the key points you'll explore.
• Introduction: Commence your term paper introduction with a clear and compelling statement of your chosen topic. Explain why it's relevant and outline your approach to addressing it.
• Body: This section serves as the meat of academic papers, where you present the primary findings from your research. Provide detailed information about the topic to enhance the reader's understanding. Ensure you incorporate various viewpoints on the issue and conduct a thorough analysis of your research.
• Results: Share the insights and conclusions that your research has led you to. Discuss any shifts in your perspective or understanding that have occurred during the course of your project.
• Discussion: Conclude your term paper with a comprehensive summary of the topic and your findings. You can wrap up with a thought-provoking question or encourage readers to explore the subject further through their own research.

How to Write a Term Paper with 5 Steps

Before you begin your term paper, it's crucial to understand what a term paper proposal entails. This proposal serves as your way to introduce and justify your chosen topic to your instructor, and it must gain approval before you start writing the actual paper.

In your proposal, include recent studies or research related to your topic, along with proper references. Clearly explain the topic's relevance to your course, outline your objectives, and organize your ideas effectively. This helps your instructor grasp your term paper's direction. If needed, you can also seek assistance from our expert writers and buy term paper .

Draft the Abstract

The abstract is a critical element while writing a term paper, and it plays a crucial role in piquing the reader's interest. To create a captivating abstract, consider these key points from our dissertation writing service :

• Conciseness: Keep it short and to the point, around 150-250 words. No need for lengthy explanations.
• Highlight Key Elements: Summarize the problem you're addressing, your research methods, and primary findings or conclusions. For instance, if your paper discusses the impact of social media on mental health, mention your research methods and significant findings.
• Engagement: Make your abstract engaging. Use language that draws readers in. For example, if your paper explores the effects of artificial intelligence on the job market, you might begin with a question like, 'Is AI revolutionizing our work landscape, or should we prepare for the robots to take over?'
• Clarity: Avoid excessive jargon or technical terms to ensure accessibility to a wider audience.

Craft the Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for your entire term paper and should engage readers from the outset. To craft an intriguing introduction, consider these tips:

• Hook Your Audience: Start with a captivating hook, such as a thought-provoking question or a compelling statistic. For example, if your paper explores the impact of smartphone addiction, you could begin with, 'Can you remember the last time you went a whole day without checking your phone?'
• State Your Purpose: Clearly state the purpose of your paper and its relevance. If your term paper is about renewable energy's role in combating climate change, explain why this topic is essential in today's world.
• Provide a Roadmap: Briefly outline how your paper is structured. For instance, if your paper discusses the benefits of mindfulness meditation, mention that you will explore its effects on stress reduction, emotional well-being, and cognitive performance.
• Thesis Statement: Conclude your introduction with a concise thesis statement that encapsulates the central argument or message of your paper. In the case of a term paper on the impact of online education, your thesis might be: 'Online education is revolutionizing learning by providing accessibility, flexibility, and innovative teaching methods.'

Develop the Body Sections: Brainstorming Concepts and Content

Generate ideas and compose text: body sections.

The body of your term paper is where you present your research, arguments, and analysis. To generate ideas and write engaging text in the body sections, consider these strategies from our research paper writer :

• Structure Your Ideas: Organize your paper into sections or paragraphs, each addressing a specific aspect of your topic. For example, if your term paper explores the impact of social media on interpersonal relationships, you might have sections on communication patterns, privacy concerns, and emotional well-being.
• Support with Evidence: Back up your arguments with credible evidence, such as data, research findings, or expert opinions. For instance, when discussing the effects of social media on mental health, you can include statistics on social media usage and its correlation with anxiety or depression.
• Offer Diverse Perspectives: Acknowledge and explore various viewpoints on the topic. When writing about the pros and cons of genetic engineering, present both the potential benefits, like disease prevention, and the ethical concerns associated with altering human genetics.
• Use Engaging Examples: Incorporate real-life examples to illustrate your points. If your paper discusses the consequences of climate change, share specific instances of extreme weather events or environmental degradation to make the topic relatable.
• Ask Thought-Provoking Questions: Integrate questions throughout your text to engage readers and stimulate critical thinking. In a term paper on the future of artificial intelligence, you might ask, 'How will AI impact job markets and the concept of work in the coming years?'

Formulate the Conclusion

The conclusion section should provide a satisfying wrap-up of your arguments and insights. To craft a compelling term paper example conclusion, follow these steps:

• Revisit Your Thesis: Begin by restating your thesis statement. This reinforces the central message of your paper. For example, if your thesis is about the importance of biodiversity conservation, reiterate that biodiversity is crucial for ecological balance and human well-being.
• Summarize Key Points: Briefly recap the main points you've discussed in the body of your paper. For instance, if you've been exploring the impact of globalization on local economies, summarize the effects on industries, job markets, and cultural diversity.
• Emphasize Your Main Argument: Reaffirm the significance of your thesis and the overall message of your paper. Discuss why your findings are important or relevant in a broader context. If your term paper discusses the advantages of renewable energy, underscore its potential to combat climate change and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.
• Offer a Thoughtful Reflection: Share your own reflections or insights about the topic. How has your understanding evolved during your research? Have you uncovered any unexpected findings or implications? If your paper discusses the future of space exploration, consider what it means for humanity's quest to explore the cosmos.
• End with Impact: Conclude your term paper with a powerful closing statement. You can leave the reader with a thought-provoking question, a call to action, or a reflection on the broader implications of your topic. For instance, if your paper is about the ethics of artificial intelligence, you could finish by asking, 'As AI continues to advance, what ethical considerations will guide our choices and decisions?'

Edit and Enhance the Initial Draft

After completing your initial draft, the revision and polishing phase is essential for improving your paper. Here's how to refine your work efficiently:

• Take a Break: Step back and return to your paper with a fresh perspective.
• Structure Check: Ensure your paper flows logically and transitions smoothly from the introduction to the conclusion.
• Clarity and Conciseness: Trim excess words for clarity and precision.
• Grammar and Style: Proofread for errors and ensure consistent style.
• Citations and References: Double-check your citations and reference list.
• Peer Review: Seek feedback from peers or professors for valuable insights.
• Enhance Intro and Conclusion: Make your introduction and conclusion engaging and impactful.
• Coherence Check: Ensure your arguments support your thesis consistently.
• Read Aloud: Reading your paper aloud helps identify issues.
• Final Proofread: Perform a thorough proofread to catch any remaining errors.

Term Paper Format

When formatting your term paper, consider its length and the required citation style, which depends on your research topic. Proper referencing is crucial to avoid plagiarism in academic writing. Common citation styles include APA and MLA.

If unsure how to cite term paper for social sciences, use the APA format, including the author's name, book title, publication year, publisher, and location when citing a book.

For liberal arts and humanities, MLA is common, requiring the publication name, date, and location for referencing.

Adhering to the appropriate term paper format and citation style ensures an organized and academically sound paper. Follow your instructor's guidelines for a polished and successful paper.

Term Paper Example

To access our term paper example, simply click the button below.

The timeline of events from 1776 to 1861, that, in the end, prompted the American Civil War, describes and relates to a number of subjects modern historians acknowledge as the origins and causes of the Civil War. In fact, pre-Civil War events had both long-term and short-term influences on the War—such as the election of Abraham Lincoln as the American president in 1860 that led to the Fall of Fort Sumter in April of the same year. In that period, contentions that surrounded states’ rights progressively exploded in Congress—since they were the initial events that formed after independence. Congress focused on resolving significant issues that affected the states, which led to further issues. In that order, the US’s history from 1776 to 1861 provides a rich history, as politicians brought forth dissimilarities, dissections, and tensions between the Southern US & the people of slave states, and the Northern states that were loyal to the Union. The events that unfolded from the period of 1776 to 1861 involved a series of issues because they promoted the great sectional crisis that led to political divisions and the build-up to the Civil War that made the North and the South seem like distinctive and timeless regions that predated the crisis itself.

Final Thoughts

In closing, approach the task of writing term papers with determination and a positive outlook. Begin well in advance, maintain organization, and have faith in your capabilities. Don't hesitate to seek assistance if required, and express your individual perspective with confidence. You're more than capable of succeeding in this endeavor!

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What is the Difference between a Term Paper and a Research Paper?

What is the fastest way to write a term paper.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

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Term Paper - Tips for the perfect term paper in your studies

Importance of term papers in studies.

Term papers are one of the central elements of the study program and are an important part of the academic performance evaluation. They serve to apply and deepen the knowledge acquired in the course of study and to train the ability to work scientifically. A successful term paper is characterized by a clear research question, a systematic approach, appropriate argumentation and correct citation. Careful planning and structuring as well as thorough research are therefore essential for the success of a term paper. Even though writing a term paper can sometimes be tedious, it is worth investing time and effort - after all, a successful term paper not only contributes to your grade point average, but also to your personal development and competence enhancement.

Purpose and Goals of an Academic Thesis

An academic paper always has a specific purpose and clear goals to achieve. The purpose is to work on a specific topic in detail and to apply scientific methods. In this way, the author should show that he or she is able to penetrate and critically reflect on complex issues. The goals of an academic paper are very different: For example, it can be about gaining new knowledge in a certain field or summarizing and systematizing existing knowledge. The teaching of theoretical principles or the practical application of methods can also be important objectives. Therefore, it is important to be clear before starting the work exactly what purpose you are pursuing and what goals you want to achieve. This is the only way to write a structured and successful term paper.

An important basis for a perfect term paper is careful research. This is not only about finding suitable sources, but also about their evaluation and selection. A good method for this is to create a mind map or a cluster to capture different aspects of the topic and to establish connections between the sources. Using keywords when searching online can also be helpful. It is also important to critically examine the sources and make sure they are reputable and up-to-date. Solid research forms the basis for a sound term paper and is thus an indispensable step in the writing process.

The structure of a Term Paper

A term paper is an important part of your studies and requires a structured approach. The structure of a term paper consists of an introduction, a main part and a conclusion. In the introduction, the topic is introduced and the objective of the paper is defined. The main part is divided into several chapters in which the arguments and theses are presented. The individual chapters should build on each other logically and be well structured. In the conclusion, the results are summarized again and a conclusion is drawn. A clear structure not only helps the reader, but also helps you to maintain an overview and to present your thoughts in an orderly manner. It is also important that you adhere to the formal requirements of your university regarding scope, citations and formatting.

Introduction

The introduction is the first impression your term paper makes on the reader. That's why it's important to create a good image and arouse interest right from the start. In this ultimate guide to the perfect term paper in college, we want to show you how to write an introduction that makes you want to know more. It's not just about what you write, but also how you word it. A good introduction should be concise and clear and give the reader an overview of what your paper is about. With our tips, you will surely be able to write a good introduction for your term paper!

1. Relevance of the topic

The relevance of the topic of a term paper is crucial when it comes to achieving a good grade. A well thought out and relevant term paper shows the professor that the student has understood the topic and is able to analyze and interpret it at an academic level. It is important to take time to select a topic that is not only interesting, but also relevant to the course content and current debates in the discipline. It is also worthwhile to seek close collaboration with the professor or tutor to ensure that the topic chosen is appropriate and that all requirements are met. A relevant term paper can make the difference between a good grade and a bad grade and should therefore be taken seriously.

2. Research question and objective

In order to write a perfect term paper in college, it is essential to deal with the formulation of a research question and objective. A clear research question and a defined objective give structure to the paper and help in not losing focus. At the same time, the research question should be precise and specific to enable targeted research. In addition, the objective should be realistic and achievable to ensure that the research question is successfully addressed. A well formulated research question and objective are thus essential components of a successful term paper in the study.

3. Structure of the paper

A structured structure is the be-all and end-all of a successful term paper in your studies. Start with an introduction, in which you explain the topic and state your research question. In the main body of the paper, you go into the individual aspects of the topic and introduce your arguments and examples. In doing so, also remember to cite sources and document them carefully. In the concluding part, you can summarize your findings and give an outlook on possible further research questions. Do not forget to include proper formatting as well as a clear outline of your paper. A clear structure makes it easier for the reader to follow your argument and focus on the essentials. At the end, double-check the spelling and grammar of your paper - because again, first impressions count!

An important part of any term paper in college is citing sources. It is crucial that you are careful about this and that you include all the information used correctly and completely. Otherwise, this could be considered plagiarism and thus call your entire paper into question. A good way to ensure that you cite all sources correctly is to use citation software such as Zotero or Citavi. These programs allow you to quickly and easily gather all the necessary information and automatically cite it in your paper. Don't forget to pay attention to proper formatting as well - there can be differences depending on your discipline. If you are unsure, ask your lecturer or a librarian for help.

The main part of the paper is about presenting the argumentation and the content of the topic in detail. Here it is important to use a clear structure and pay attention to a logical sequence of arguments. The main body should focus on the essentials and avoid unnecessary information. A good way to structure the main body is by using subheadings. These make it easier for the reader to understand the text and provide orientation. Sources should also not be forgotten in the main body to support the credibility of the statements. Overall, you should take time to carefully prepare the main body and critically review it again and again. After all, a well-structured and argumentatively convincing term paper can make the difference between a good and an excellent grade.

1. Literature research and evaluation

An important step in creating a perfect term paper in college is thorough literature research and evaluation. Here, various sources such as books, scientific articles and online resources should be used to create a broad knowledge base. It is important to critically evaluate the quality and relevance of the sources found. Criteria such as timeliness, credibility of the source and its authority can help. The type of source should also be considered, as not every type of information is suitable for a scientific paper. A systematic approach to literature research and evaluation can help to ensure that the term paper is built on a sound basis and thus produces a high-quality result.

2. Methodology and data collection (if relevant)

An important step in writing a perfect term paper in college is choosing the right methodology and data collection. This is about which research methods should be used to answer the posed question. A distinction can be made between quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research attempts to capture data in numbers and statistics. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with understanding phenomena and their interrelationships. Data collection can be done in various ways, such as interviews, observations or experiments. It is important here to choose an appropriate method in order to obtain meaningful results. The selection of the sample size as well as the validity and reliability of the collected data are also crucial for the validity of the results. Therefore, one should carefully consider in advance which methodology and data collection are best suited for one's own topic.

3. Analysis and interpretation of the results

In order to deliver a perfect term paper in college, it is crucial that you analyze and interpret your findings. This step is important not only to show that you understand the topic, but also to strengthen your argument. Successful analysis and interpretation requires a deep understanding of the data, as well as the ability to identify relationships and communicate them in a clear and concise style. It is helpful to try different methods of analysis and interpretation to find the best approach for your particular topic. Remember that it is important to present your findings in a way that is easy for the reader to understand. A well thought out analysis and interpretation of your results can make the difference between a good term paper and a great one.

4. Discussion and classification in the research context

An important component of a successful term paper is the placement of one's own work in the research context. This is not only about knowing and citing the relevant theories and research results, but also about a critical discussion of them. Discussions within the framework of the term paper should therefore always be based on sound knowledge and serve to gain one's own insights and to question the previous research situation. However, care should be taken that the discussion does not go beyond the scope of the paper and is limited to the essentials. A successful classification in the research context can help to distinguish one's own work from others and contribute to the further development of the research field.

A term paper in the study is a challenge that many students have to master. Proper citation also plays an important role. Proper citation of sources shows that one has studied the subject matter and avoids plagiarizing. The most common citation method in the academic field is the Harvard citation method. This involves citing the sources directly in the text and listing them in a bibliography at the end of the document. There are also other citation styles such as APA or MLA that can be used depending on the discipline or university. However, it is always important to follow the guidelines and properly cite all sources used. This is the only way to ensure that you do not make any mistakes and that you complete your work successfully.

An often underestimated, but nevertheless important, aspect of a term paper is the conclusion. In this last section of the paper, you should summarize your results and findings and clearly state once again which question you have answered and what conclusions result from it. There may also be room for an outlook on possible further research or areas of application here. A well-written conclusion not only rounds off your paper, but also gives the reader the feeling that you have thought through your work completely and thoroughly. Make sure that the conclusion is not simply a repetition of the introductory text, but shows that you have actually answered the question. Also, avoid introducing new topics or information in the conclusion - these belong in the body of your paper. A successful conclusion will help you achieve a good grade and show your instructor that you took the assignment seriously and worked on it thoroughly.

1. Summary of the most important results

In conclusion, the main findings of this guide to the perfect term paper in college can be summarized. Good planning and structuring are indispensable to save time and nerves. Thorough research and source analysis form the basis for a sound argument. When writing, attention should be paid to clear language and a common thread. In addition, it is advisable to pay attention to correct formatting and citation as well as to check the work carefully before handing it in. With these tips, nothing stands in the way of a successful term paper.

2. Conclusion and answer to the research question

At the end of the paper, we would like to draw a conclusion and answer the research question. In the previous chapters, we have dealt intensively with the topic and illuminated numerous aspects. In the process, we have determined that a good term paper requires, above all, a clear structure, careful research and precise formulation. Adhering to citation rules and avoiding plagiarism are also of great importance. In summary, it can be said that a perfect term paper must not only convince in terms of content, but should also meet formal criteria. Through thorough preparation and planning, as well as by adhering to time management techniques, you can make your own path to the perfect term paper easier.

3. Outlook for possible further investigations

After you have gone through all the important steps to create a perfect term paper in college, further research may still be necessary. There are several ways you can further improve and refine your paper. One option is to find and use additional sources to strengthen your argument or support your research findings. Another option would be to include expert opinions or interviews with people working in your field. Checking spelling and grammar, as well as careful formatting, can also help ensure that your term paper leaves a professional impression. Keep in mind, however, that it's important to strike a balance between attention to detail and efficiency. Ultimately, you should take the time to carefully revise your paper and ensure that it meets the requirements of your field.

When writing a term paper in college, it is important to have a clear structure and stick to it. One way to ensure this is to use outlines. These not only help to keep the thread of the paper, but also make it easier for the reader to understand. A clear outline can consist of different levels and should cover all important aspects of the work. It is advisable to prepare the outline before the actual writing process and adjust it as necessary during the course of the paper. Although it may be tempting to start writing right away, it is worth investing time in creating a good outline. This way, writing the term paper will be more effective and successful overall.

Tips for writing a successful term paper

Here are a few of our top tips for successfully completing a term paper:

Topic and research question

An important step in writing a term paper in college is choosing a suitable topic and research question. A good topic should not only be interesting, but also provide enough material to answer the research question. The research question should be precisely formulated and allow for a clear answer. A good way to find a topic and a research question is to research professional literature and scientific articles. Here, existing research can serve as a starting point or gaps in the research can be uncovered. It is important to take enough time to find a suitable topic in order to be able to work efficiently later on.

Literature research and evaluation

One of the most important steps in writing a perfect term paper is literature research and evaluation. In order to write a high-quality paper, you need to find relevant and up-to-date sources and analyze them critically. Start with a comprehensive search of libraries, online databases, and other relevant sources. Make sure your sources are trustworthy by focusing on reputable publishers and journals. Carefully read the articles you find and evaluate them based on criteria such as relevance, timeliness, and credibility. Note important information such as citations or summaries so that you can refer to them later. A thorough literature search and evaluation forms the basis for a successful term paper, as it helps you to support your argument and to formulate your thoughts clearly.

Structuring and outline of the work

A well-structured and organized term paper is the key to success in your studies. It not only provides a clear orientation for the reader, but also helps to clearly structure one's own thoughts and arguments. Before you start writing, you should therefore take time to develop a sensible outline and structure. Here, it can be helpful to orientate yourself on the requirements of the assignment and to divide it into individual sections. Creating a table of contents can also help to maintain an overview of the entire paper and ensure that all important aspects are covered. Clearly, structuring and outlining the term paper is thus an important part of any scientific work and should therefore not be neglected.

Writing process and scientific style

An important aspect of writing a perfect term paper in college is the writing process and scientific style. There are some basic rules that should be followed in order to provide the readers with a clear and understandable understanding of the topic. These include using precise phrases, avoiding colloquial expressions and adhering to formal writing. Another important aspect is the correct citation of sources in order to avoid plagiarism and to emphasize the scientific claim of the paper. Careful planning of the writing process can also help save time and provide a clear structure for the paper. By following these guidelines, students can ensure that their term paper is not only well written, but also meets the requirements of a scholarly text.

References and citation

An important aspect in the preparation of a perfect term paper in the study is the choice of the right topic. Here, one should not only be guided by one's own interests, but also by the relevance and topicality of the topic. A good option is to be inspired by current debates or research results and relate them to your own field of study. Choosing a suitable supervisor can also be helpful here, as he or she can provide valuable tips on finding a topic and also has contacts with experts in the field. A clear formulation of the topic as well as a precise question are also essential for a successful term paper. One should always keep in mind that the goal of a term paper is not only to get a good grade, but also to learn scientific work and to deal with current issues in the respective field.

Challenges and approaches to academic work

Writing an academic paper can be challenging, especially if you don't have much experience with it. One of the biggest challenges is narrowing down the topic and formulating a clear research question. Structuring the paper can also be difficult, especially if you are trying to fit in all the relevant information. Another difficulty is conducting a comprehensive literature review and critically evaluating the sources found. To overcome these challenges, it is helpful to take your time and do some careful planning. A clear outline and detailed timeline can help keep track of the work and make the writing process more effective. Getting feedback from instructors or fellow students can also help identify weaknesses in the paper and make improvements. Ultimately, it is important to focus on the goal of the paper and not get distracted by unnecessary details.

Time management and planning

Time management and planning are critical when completing academic work. As a student, it is important to manage your time effectively and have a clear plan for your assignments. Here are some tips and strategies that can help you do just that:

• Create a schedule : Start by creating a detailed schedule that takes into account both your academic commitments and other important activities. Set realistic goals and break your work into smaller, manageable tasks. Include buffer time for unforeseen events or additional research.
• Prioritize your tasks : Identify the most important tasks and prioritize them. Focus first on those that have a direct impact on your academic performance, such as preparing for exams or writing term papers. Rank your tasks by urgency and importance and work through them accordingly.
• Avoid procrastination : The temptation to put off tasks is often strong. However, it's important to resist this impulse and hold yourself accountable. Find strategies to motivate yourself, such as setting intermediate goals or rewarding your progress. Also, identify potential distractions and try to minimize them during your work hours.
• Use effective work techniques : Find out which work techniques work best for you. Some prefer working in short, focused intervals (e.g., the Pomodoro technique), while others prefer longer periods of work. Experiment and find out what helps you stay focused and productive the best.
• Be flexible and adaptable : Despite careful planning, unforeseen events can occur that disrupt your schedules. Be flexible and willing to make adjustments. Learn to reprioritize and adapt to new circumstances.

By practicing effective time management and planning, you can increase your productivity, reduce stress, and achieve a better balance between your academic obligations and your personal life. Stay consistent and disciplined to successfully navigate through your academic work.

Dealing with writer's block

Writer's block can affect any student and is often a very frustrating experience. When you're pressed for time and just can't seem to get the right words down on paper, it can become a real challenge. However, there are some strategies that can help overcome writer's block. One way, for example, is to take a break and clear your head. Writing bullet points or brainstorming ideas can also help get the writing process back on track. It's also important not to put too much pressure on yourself and realize that it's normal to have writer's block every now and then. With a little patience and perseverance, every student can successfully complete their term paper - even if it gets a little more difficult at times.

Revision and proofreading

An often neglected, yet crucial step in creating a perfect term paper is revision and proofreading. After the content has been carefully researched, organized and written down, you should take enough time to go through your paper. Start with a thorough revision of the content and make sure that your argument is coherent and your writing style is fluent and understandable. After that, you should focus on proofreading. Look for spelling and grammatical errors as well as misplaced punctuation marks. Stylistic errors can also be corrected in this step. To make revision and proofreading effective, it's a good idea to take breaks between passes or ask a second person for feedback. Careful revision and thorough proofreading are essential for a perfect term paper in college.

An important aspect of writing a perfect term paper in college is proper citation of sources. Plagiarism can not only lead to bad grades, but also to expulsion from the degree program. Therefore, it is important to familiarize yourself with the different citation styles and apply them consistently. Each university or college has its own guidelines regarding citation, so it is important to get accurate information in advance. Online tools such as Citavi or Zotero can also help you keep track of the sources you use and cite them correctly. Careful research and correct citation are essential components of every successful term paper in your studies.

Tools and resources for writing term papers

In order to write a perfect term paper in college, it is important to have access to tools and resources. One of the best sources of information is the library of the university or college. There are numerous books, journals, and online databases available here that can assist with research. The Internet can also be a valuable source, but care should be taken here to use reputable and trustworthy sources. In addition, there are special programs such as Citavi or EndNote that can help organize literature sources and insert citations correctly. The writing program Word also offers many useful features, such as automatically creating a table of contents or checking spelling and grammar. Together with good planning and structuring, this can create a perfect term paper.

Libraries and online databases

An important source for researching term papers during studies are libraries and online databases. In libraries, books, journals and other media relevant to one's own work can be borrowed. In addition, many libraries also offer workstations and rooms for concentrated work. Online databases provide access to a wide range of scientific articles and studies that are often not available in printed form. It is important to find out in advance about the quality of the database and, if necessary, to read literature reviews of the articles found. When using online databases, one should also be careful to cite them correctly and not violate any copyrights. Good research in libraries and online databases can help to write a sound and meaningful term paper.

Literature management programs

An important part of any term paper is an extensive literature search. But how do you keep track of all the different sources and citations? This is where literature management programs come into play. These practical tools make it possible to collect all the relevant information on books, articles and the like in one place and organize them clearly. Most programs also offer the option of inserting citations directly into the term paper and automatically creating a bibliography. Popular literature management programs include Citavi, Mendeley or Zotero. It is definitely worth looking into these programs to save time and nerves when writing the term paper.

Writing and formatting tools

To write a perfect term paper, it is important to pay attention to the writing and formatting tools. With the help of Word you'll be able to format and structure your work more easily. The "Styles" and "Styles" functions will help you maintain a consistent formatting and will make it easier to manage headings, body text and citations. In addition, there are other tools like Grammarly or Hemingway Editor that can help you correct your grammar and spelling mistakes as well as improve your writing style. Another useful tool is Zotero, which allows you to manage your source citations automatically. Using these writing and formatting tools will not only improve the quality of your work, but also reduce the amount of work you have to do.

One of the most important tasks when writing a term paper is researching suitable sources. Here, the Internet can be of great help, but it can also be a challenge. There are countless websites and online databases that can provide relevant material for the term paper. However, to ensure that one is accessing reputable and trustworthy sources, one should adhere to certain criteria. These include, for example, checking the authority and credibility of the source as well as its timeliness and relevance to the topic. Also, different sources should be compared to get a balanced picture. A good way to find high-quality sources is to use specialized search engines or library catalogs. Careful research can provide a solid foundation for a successful term paper.

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A term paper is an extensive research paper typically assigned at the end of a semester or academic term, allowing students to demonstrate their understanding and in-depth knowledge of a particular subject. It involves thorough research, analysis, and synthesis of information from various sources to address a specific topic or question, culminating in a comprehensive written report. Term papers are designed to assess students’ critical thinking, research skills, and ability to communicate their findings effectively, often accounting for a significant portion of their final grade. Essential components include a Thesis Statement for Research Paper , a Research Paper Cover Letter , and adherence to the Research Paper Format .

What is Term Paper?

A term paper is a detailed research paper written by students over an academic term, contributing significantly to their final grade. It demonstrates their understanding and analysis of a specific topic, includes a thesis, supporting arguments, and evidence, and requires citations from academic sources.

Term Paper Format

Title of the Paper Student’s Name Course Name and Number Instructor’s Name Date of Submission

A brief summary of the paper (150-250 words) Key points, objectives, methods, results, and conclusions

Introduction

Introduction to the topic Thesis statement Purpose and objectives Paper overview

Literature Review

Overview of Existing Research Key Theories and Studies Gaps in the Literature Relevance to the Current Study

Methodology

Research design Data collection methods Sample selection Analysis techniques

Presentation of findings Use of tables and figures (if applicable)

Interpretation of results Comparison with existing literature Implications and limitations

Summary of key findings Restatement of thesis Future research implications

List of All Sources Cited Formatted According to a Specific Citation Style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.)

Appendices (if applicable)

Additional Material Raw Data Questionnaires Detailed Calculations

Formatting Guidelines

Font: Times New Roman, 12-point Spacing: Double-spaced Margins: 1 inch Page numbers: Top right corner Consistent headings and subheadings

Term Paper Examples for Students

• The Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems
• The Role of Social Media in Modern Marketing Strategies
• The Influence of Ancient Greek Philosophy on Western Thought
• Cybersecurity Threats and Solutions in the 21st Century
• The Effectiveness of Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
• The Relationship Between Diet and Mental Health
• An Analysis of Shakespeare’s Use of Tragic Heroes
• The Evolution of Women’s Rights in the United States
• The Economic Impact of Immigration Policies
• The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
• The History and Future of Space Exploration
• The Psychological Effects of Video Games on Children
• The Ethics of Genetic Engineering
• The Cultural Significance of Traditional Festivals in Japan
• The Impact of Globalization on Local Economies
• The Role of Renewable Energy in Combating Climate Change
• The Effects of Substance Abuse on Family Dynamics
• An Examination of Modernist Architecture
• The Influence of the Harlem Renaissance on American Literature
• The Legal and Social Implications of Data Privacy Laws
• The Role of Sports in Promoting Social Integration
• An Analysis of Economic Inequality in Developing Countries
• The Impact of Music Therapy on Mental Health Recovery
• The Development and Impact of the Internet of Things (IoT)
• The Relationship Between Sleep Patterns and Academic Performance

Simple Term Paper Examples

• The Effects of Video Games on Child Development
• The History and Impact of the Civil Rights Movement
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Benefits and Risks
• The Influence of Greek Philosophy on Western Thought
• The Impact of Immigration on the U.S. Economy
• The Role of Education in Reducing Poverty
• The Ethics of Animal Testing in Medical Research
• Mental Health Stigma and Its Social Implications
• The Evolution of E-commerce and Online Shopping
• The Importance of Early Childhood Education

Types of Term Papers

1. analytical term papers.

• Definition: Analyzes a specific issue or topic, breaking it down into its components and examining them in detail.
• Purpose: To provide a deep understanding of the subject through detailed analysis.
• Example: “The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture”

2. Argumentative Term Papers

• Definition: Presents an argument on a particular topic, supporting it with evidence and reasoning.
• Purpose: To persuade the reader of a specific viewpoint or stance.
• Example: “The Case for Renewable Energy Sources over Fossil Fuels”

3. Definition Term Papers

• Definition: Explores the meaning and implications of a specific concept or term.
• Purpose: To clarify and define a concept in depth.
• Example: “Defining Social Justice in Modern Society”

4. Compare and Contrast Term Papers

• Definition: Examines the similarities and differences between two or more subjects.
• Purpose: To highlight comparative aspects and provide insights into the subjects.
• Example: “Comparing Online Education with Traditional Classroom Learning”

5. Cause and Effect Term Papers

• Definition: Investigates the causes of a particular event or phenomenon and its effects.
• Purpose: To understand the relationships between events and outcomes.
• Example: “The Causes and Effects of the 2008 Financial Crisis”

6. Interpretive Term Papers

• Definition: Provides an interpretation of a specific piece of literature, artwork, or historical event.
• Purpose: To offer insights and perspectives on the subject.
• Example: “Interpreting Symbolism in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s ‘The Great Gatsby'”

7. Research-Based Term Papers

• Definition: Relies heavily on existing research and data to discuss a particular topic.
• Purpose: To present an in-depth analysis based on extensive research.
• Example: “The Role of Vaccinations in Public Health”

8. Reflective Term Papers

• Definition: Reflects on a personal experience or event and its significance.
• Purpose: To provide a personal perspective and insights.
• Example: “Reflections on My Internship Experience in a Non-Profit Organization”

9. Case Study Term Papers

• Definition: Focuses on a detailed examination of a particular case within a real-world context.
• Purpose: To analyze specific instances and draw broader conclusions.
• Example: “A Case Study of the Flint Water Crisis”

10. Expository Term Papers

• Definition: Explains or describes a topic in a straightforward and factual manner.
• Purpose: To inform and educate the reader about the subject.
• Example: “An Overview of the U.S. Healthcare System”

Importance of Term Papers

1. development of research skills.

• Encourages thorough exploration of various information sources
• Enhances data gathering, analysis, and interpretation abilities

2. Enhancement of Writing Skills

• Improves clarity, precision, and organization in writing
• Refines grammar and syntax

3. Critical Thinking and Analytical Skills

• Fosters logical reasoning and problem-solving
• Promotes evaluation and synthesis of information

4. Time Management and Discipline

• Teaches effective planning and adherence to deadlines
• Develops a disciplined work ethic and organizational skills

5. In-Depth Understanding of Subject Matter

• Facilitates comprehensive knowledge of the topic
• Enhances retention and application of theoretical concepts

How to Write a Term Paper

1. choose a topic.

• Select a topic: Ensure it’s relevant to your course and interests you.
• Narrow the focus: Make sure the topic is specific enough to be manageable.

2. Conduct Research

• Gather sources: Use books, academic journals, and credible websites.
• Take notes: Organize your notes and highlight key points.
• Create a bibliography: Keep track of all sources for your references.

3. Develop a Thesis Statement

• Clear and concise: Summarize the main point or argument of your paper.
• Position: Clearly state your position or perspective on the topic.

4. Create an Outline

• Introduction: Introduce the topic and state your thesis.
• Body paragraphs: Organize the main points and supporting evidence.
• Conclusion: Summarize your findings and restate your thesis.

5. Write the First Draft

• Hook: Grab the reader’s attention.
• Background information: Provide context.
• Thesis statement: Present your main argument.
• Topic sentence: State the main idea of the paragraph.
• Evidence: Present data, quotes, and research findings.
• Analysis: Explain how the evidence supports your thesis.
• Transition: Link to the next paragraph.
• Restate the thesis: Summarize your main argument.
• Summarize main points: Recap the key points.
• Closing statement: Provide a final thought or call to action.

6. Revise and Edit

• Review content: Ensure your arguments are clear and supported by evidence.
• Check organization: Ensure your paper flows logically.
• Edit for grammar and style: Correct any grammatical errors and improve readability.

7. Format the Paper

• Follow guidelines: Use the required formatting style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).
• Title page: Include the title, your name, course, instructor, and date.
• Page numbers: Ensure all pages are numbered.
• Citations: Properly cite all sources in-text and in the bibliography.

8. Proofread

• Final check: Look for any remaining errors or typos.
• Read aloud: Helps catch mistakes you might overlook.
• Peer review: Have someone else review your paper for feedback.

9. Submit the Paper

• Meet the deadline: Ensure you submit your paper on time.
• Follow submission guidelines: Submit according to your instructor’s requirements (e.g., online or printed copy).

FAQ’s

How do i choose a topic for my term paper.

Choose a topic that interests you, is relevant to your course, and has enough research material available.

What is the structure of a term paper?

A term paper typically includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and references.

How long should a term paper be?

The length varies, but a standard term paper is usually between 8-15 pages, depending on the subject and requirements.

How do I start writing a term paper?

Begin with thorough research, create an outline, and then draft your introduction to set the context for your paper.

What is a thesis statement in a term paper?

A thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of your paper, usually placed at the end of the introduction.

How important is the introduction in a term paper?

The introduction is crucial as it sets the tone, provides background information, and presents your thesis statement.

What should be included in the literature review?

The literature review should summarize, analyze, and compare existing research relevant to your topic.

How do I cite sources in my term paper?

Use a citation style recommended by your instructor (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) to credit the original sources of your information.

How do I present my findings in a term paper?

Present your findings clearly and logically, using tables, charts, or graphs if necessary, in the results section.

How do I write a conclusion for a term paper?

Summarize your main points, restate the significance of your findings, and suggest areas for future research.

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A formal definition is based upon a concise, logical pattern that includes as much information as it can within a minimum amount of space. The primary reason to include definitions in your writing is to avoid misunderstanding with your audience. A formal definition consists of three parts:

• The term (word or phrase) to be defined
• The class of object or concept to which the term belongs
• The differentiating characteristics that distinguish it from all others of its class

For example:

• Water ( term ) is a liquid ( class ) made up of molecules of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 to 1 ( differentiating characteristics ).
• Comic books ( term ) are sequential and narrative publications ( class ) consisting of illustrations, captions, dialogue balloons, and often focus on super-powered heroes ( differentiating characteristics ).
• Astronomy ( term ) is a branch of scientific study ( class ) primarily concerned with celestial objects inside and outside of the earth's atmosphere ( differentiating characteristics ).

Although these examples should illustrate the manner in which the three parts work together, they are not the most realistic cases. Most readers will already be quite familiar with the concepts of water, comic books, and astronomy. For this reason, it is important to know when and why you should include definitions in your writing.

When to Use Definitions

"Stellar Wobble is a measurable variation of speed wherein a star's velocity is shifted by the gravitational pull of a foreign body."

"Throughout this essay, the term classic gaming will refer specifically to playing video games produced for the Atari, the original Nintendo Entertainment System, and any systems in-between." Note: not everyone may define "classic gaming" within this same time span; therefore, it is important to define your terms

"Pagan can be traced back to Roman military slang for an incompetent soldier. In this sense, Christians who consider themselves soldiers of Christ are using the term not only to suggest a person's secular status but also their lack of bravery.'

Additional Tips for Writing Definitions

• Avoid defining with "X is when" and "X is where" statements. These introductory adverb phrases should be avoided. Define a noun with a noun, a verb with a verb, and so forth.

"Rhyming poetry consists of lines that contain end rhymes." Better: "Rhyming poetry is an artform consisting of lines whose final words consistently contain identical, final stressed vowel sounds."

• Define a word in simple and familiar terms. Your definition of an unfamiliar word should not lead your audience towards looking up more words in order to understand your definition.
• Keep the class portion of your definition small but adequate. It should be large enough to include all members of the term you are defining but no larger. Avoid adding personal details to definitions. Although you may think the story about your Grandfather will perfectly encapsulate the concept of stinginess, your audience may fail to relate. Offering personal definitions may only increase the likeliness of misinterpretation that you are trying to avoid.

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Definition of term paper – Learner’s Dictionary

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(Definition of term paper from the Cambridge Learner's Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

Translations of term paper

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an area of coral, the top of which can sometimes be seen just above the sea

Robbing, looting, and embezzling: talking about stealing

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Other forms: term papers

• noun a composition intended to indicate a student's progress during a school term see more see less type of: composition , paper , report , theme an essay (especially one written as an assignment)

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Defining terms.

• GENERAL LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
• Being cautious
• Being critical
• Classifying and listing
• Compare and contrast
• Describing trends
• Describing quantities
• Explaining causality
• Giving examples
• Signalling transition
• Writing about the past

In academic work students are often expected to give definitions of key words and phrases in order to demonstrate to their tutors that they understand these terms clearly. More generally, however, academic writers define terms so that their readers understand exactly what is meant when certain key terms are used. When important words are not clearly understood misinterpretation may result. In fact, many disagreements (academic, legal, diplomatic, personal) arise as a result of different interpretations of the same term. In academic writing, teachers and their students often have to explore these differing interpretations before moving on to study a topic.

Introductory phrases

The term ‘X’ was first used by … The term ‘X’ can be traced back to … Previous studies mostly defined X as … The term ‘X’ was introduced by Smith in her … Historically, the term ‘X’ has been used to describe … It is necessary here to clarify exactly what is meant by … This shows a need to be explicit about exactly what is meant by the word ‘X’.

Simple three-part definitions

General meanings or application of meanings

X can broadly be defined as … X can be loosely described as … X can be defined as … It encompasses … In the literature, the term tends to be used to refer to … In broad terms, X can be defined as any stimulus that is … Whereas X refers to the operations of …, Y refers to the … The broad use of the term ‘X’ is sometimes equated with … The term ‘disease’ refers to a biological event characterised by … Defined as …, X is now considered a worldwide problem and is associated with …

Indicating varying definitions

The definition of X has evolved. There are multiple definitions of X. Several definitions of X have been proposed. In the field of X, various definitions of X are found. The term ‘X’ embodies a multitude of concepts which … This term has two overlapping, even slightly confusing meanings. Widely varying definitions of X have emerged (Smith and Jones, 1999). Despite its common usage, X is used in different disciplines to mean different things. Since the definition of X varies among researchers, it is important to clarify how the term is …

Indicating difficulties in defining a term

X is a contested term. X is a rather nebulous term … X is challenging to define because … A precise definition of X has proved elusive. A generally accepted definition of X is lacking. Unfortunately, X remains a poorly defined term. There is no agreed definition on what constitutes … There is little consensus about what X actually means. There is a degree of uncertainty around the terminology in … These terms are often used interchangeably and without precision. Numerous terms are used to describe X, the most common of which are …. The definition of X varies in the literature and there is terminological confusion. Smith (2001) identified four abilities that might be subsumed under the term ‘X’: a) … ‘X’ is a term frequently used in the literature, but to date there is no consensus about … X is a commonly-used notion in psychology and yet it is a concept difficult to define precisely. Although differences of opinion still exist, there appears to be some agreement that X refers to …

Specifying terms that are used in an essay or thesis

The term ‘X’ is used here to refer to … In the present study, X is defined as … The term ‘X’ will be used solely when referring to … In this essay, the term ‘X’ will be used in its broadest sense to refer to all … In this paper, the term that will be used to describe this phenomenon is ‘X’. In this dissertation, the terms ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are used interchangeably to mean … Throughout this thesis, the term ‘X’ is used to refer to informal systems as well as … While a variety of definitions of the term ‘X’ have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as …

Referring to people’s definitions: author prominent

For Smith (2001), X means … Smith (2001) uses the term ‘X’ to refer to … Smith (1954) was apparently the first to use the term … In 1987, psychologist John Smith popularized the term ‘X’ to describe … According to a definition provided by Smith (2001:23), X is ‘the maximally … This definition is close to those of Smith (2012) and Jones (2013) who define X as … Smith, has shown that, as late as 1920, Jones was using the term ‘X’ to refer to particular … One of the first people to define nursing was Florence Nightingale (1860), who wrote: ‘… …’ Chomsky writes that a grammar is a ‘device of some sort for producing the ….’ (1957, p.11). Aristotle defines the imagination as ‘the movement which results upon an actual sensation.’ Smith  et al . (2002) have provided a new definition of health: ‘health is a state of being with …

Referring to people’s definitions: author non-prominent

X is defined by Smith (2003: 119) as ‘… …’ The term ‘X’ is used by Smith (2001) to refer to … X is, for Smith (2012), the situation which occurs when … A further definition of X is given by Smith (1982) who describes … The term ‘X’ is used by Aristotle in four overlapping senses. First, it is the underlying … X is the degree to which an assessment process or device measures … (Smith  et al ., 1986).

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Definition of term paper noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

• I have a term paper due Wednesday.
• term paper on something I wrote a term paper on eating disorders.

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Confusion to Clarity: Definition of Terms in a Research Paper

Explore the definition of terms in research paper to enhance your understanding of crucial scientific terminology and grow your knowledge.

Have you ever come across a research paper and found yourself scratching your head over complex synonyms and unfamiliar terms? It’s a hassle as you have to fetch a dictionary and then ruffle through it to find the meaning of the terms.

To avoid that, an exclusive section called ‘ Definition of Terms in a Research Paper ’ is introduced which contains the definitions of terms used in the paper. Let us learn more about it in this article.

What Is The “Definition Of Terms” In A Research Paper?

The definition of terms section in a research paper provides a clear and concise explanation of key concepts, variables, and terminology used throughout the study. 

In the definition of terms section, researchers typically provide precise definitions for specific technical terms, acronyms, jargon, and any other domain-specific vocabulary used in their work. This section enhances the overall quality and rigor of the research by establishing a solid foundation for communication and understanding.

Purpose Of Definition Of Terms In A Research Paper

This section aims to ensure that readers have a common understanding of the terminology employed in the research, eliminating confusion and promoting clarity. The definitions provided serve as a reference point for readers, enabling them to comprehend the context and scope of the study. It serves several important purposes:

• Enhancing clarity
• Establishing a shared language
• Providing a reference point
• Setting the scope and context
• Ensuring consistency

Benefits Of Having A Definition Of Terms In A Research Paper

Having a definition of terms section in a research paper offers several benefits that contribute to the overall quality and effectiveness of the study. These benefits include:

Clarity And Comprehension

Clear definitions enable readers to understand the specific meanings of key terms, concepts, and variables used in the research. This promotes clarity and enhances comprehension, ensuring that readers can follow the study’s arguments, methods, and findings more easily.

Consistency And Precision

Definitions provide a consistent framework for the use of terminology throughout the research paper. By clearly defining terms, researchers establish a standard vocabulary, reducing ambiguity and potential misunderstandings. This precision enhances the accuracy and reliability of the study’s findings.

Common Understanding

The definition of terms section helps establish a shared understanding among readers, including those from different disciplines or with varying levels of familiarity with the subject matter. It ensures that readers approach the research with a common knowledge base, facilitating effective communication and interpretation of the results.

Avoiding Misinterpretation

Without clear definitions, readers may interpret terms and concepts differently, leading to misinterpretation of the research findings. By providing explicit definitions, researchers minimize the risk of misunderstandings and ensure that readers grasp the intended meaning of the terminology used in the study.

Accessibility For Diverse Audiences

Research papers are often read by a wide range of individuals, including researchers, students, policymakers, and professionals. Having a definition of terms in a research paper helps the diverse audience understand the concepts better and make appropriate decisions. 

Types Of Definitions

There are several types of definitions that researchers can employ in a research paper, depending on the context and nature of the study. Here are some common types of definitions:

Lexical Definitions

Lexical definitions provide the dictionary or commonly accepted meaning of a term. They offer a concise and widely recognized explanation of a word or concept. Lexical definitions are useful for establishing a baseline understanding of a term, especially when dealing with everyday language or non-technical terms.

Operational Definitions

Operational definitions define a term or concept about how it is measured or observed in the study. These definitions specify the procedures, instruments, or criteria used to operationalize an abstract or theoretical concept. Operational definitions help ensure clarity and consistency in data collection and measurement.

Conceptual Definitions

Conceptual definitions provide an abstract or theoretical understanding of a term or concept within a specific research context. They often involve a more detailed and nuanced explanation, exploring the underlying principles, theories, or models that inform the concept. Conceptual definitions are useful for establishing a theoretical framework and promoting deeper understanding.

Descriptive Definitions

Descriptive definitions describe a term or concept by providing characteristics, features, or attributes associated with it. These definitions focus on outlining the essential qualities or elements that define the term. Descriptive definitions help readers grasp the nature and scope of a concept by painting a detailed picture.

Theoretical Definitions

Theoretical definitions explain a term or concept based on established theories or conceptual frameworks. They situate the concept within a broader theoretical context, connecting it to relevant literature and existing knowledge. Theoretical definitions help researchers establish the theoretical underpinnings of their study and provide a foundation for further analysis.

Also read: Understanding What is Theoretical Framework

Types Of Terms

In research papers, various types of terms can be identified based on their nature and usage. Here are some common types of terms:

A key term is a term that holds significant importance or plays a crucial role within the context of a research paper. It is a term that encapsulates a core concept, idea, or variable that is central to the study. Key terms are often essential for understanding the research objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions.

Technical Term

Technical terms refer to specialized vocabulary or terminology used within a specific field of study. These terms are often precise and have specific meanings within their respective disciplines. Examples include “allele,” “hypothesis testing,” or “algorithm.”

Legal Terms

Legal terms are specific vocabulary used within the legal field to describe concepts, principles, and regulations. These terms have particular meanings within the legal context. Examples include “defendant,” “plaintiff,” “due process,” or “jurisdiction.”

Definitional Term

A definitional term refers to a word or phrase that requires an explicit definition to ensure clarity and understanding within a particular context. These terms may be technical, abstract, or have multiple interpretations.

Career Privacy Term

Career privacy term refers to a concept or idea related to the privacy of individuals in the context of their professional or occupational activities. It encompasses the protection of personal information, and confidential data, and the right to control the disclosure of sensitive career-related details. 

A broad term is a term that encompasses a wide range of related concepts, ideas, or objects. It has a broader scope and may encompass multiple subcategories or specific examples.

Also read: Keywords In A Research Paper: The Importance Of The Right Choice

Steps To Writing Definitions Of Terms

When writing the definition of terms section for a research paper, you can follow these steps to ensure clarity and accuracy:

Step 1: Identify Key Terms

Review your research paper and identify the key terms that require definition. These terms are typically central to your study, specific to your field or topic, or may have different interpretations.

Step 2: Conduct Research

Conduct thorough research on each key term to understand its commonly accepted definition, usage, and any variations or nuances within your specific research context. Consult authoritative sources such as academic journals, books, or reputable online resources.

Step 3: Craft Concise Definitions

Based on your research, craft concise definitions for each key term. Aim for clarity, precision, and relevance. Define the term in a manner that reflects its significance within your research and ensures reader comprehension.

Step 4: Use Your Own Words

Paraphrase the definitions in your own words to avoid plagiarism and maintain academic integrity. While you can draw inspiration from existing definitions, rephrase them to reflect your understanding and writing style. Avoid directly copying from sources.

Step 5: Provide Examples Or Explanations

Consider providing examples, explanations, or context for the defined terms to enhance reader understanding. This can help illustrate how the term is applied within your research or clarify its practical implications.

Step 6: Order And Format

Decide on the order in which you present the definitions. You can follow alphabetical order or arrange them based on their importance or relevance to your research. Use consistent formatting, such as bold or italics, to distinguish the defined terms from the rest of the text.

Step 7: Revise And Refine

Review the definitions for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Ensure that they align with your research objectives and are tailored to your specific study. Seek feedback from peers, mentors, or experts in your field to further refine and improve the definitions.

Step 8: Include Proper Citations

If you have drawn ideas or information from external sources, remember to provide proper citations for those sources. This demonstrates academic integrity and acknowledges the original authors.

Step 9: Incorporate The Section Into Your Paper

Integrate the definition of terms section into your research paper, typically as an early section following the introduction. Make sure it flows smoothly with the rest of the paper and provides a solid foundation for understanding the subsequent content.

By following these steps, you can create a well-crafted and informative definition of terms section that enhances the clarity and comprehension of your research paper.

In conclusion, the definition of terms in a research paper plays a critical role by providing clarity, establishing a common understanding, and enhancing communication among readers. The definition of terms section is an essential component that contributes to the overall quality, rigor, and effectiveness of a research paper.

Also read: Beyond The Main Text: The Value Of A Research Paper Appendix

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What does term paper mean?

Definitions for term paper term pa·per, this dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word term paper ., princeton's wordnet rate this definition: 2.0 / 1 vote.

• term paper noun

a composition intended to indicate a student's progress during a school term

Wiktionary Rate this definition: 3.5 / 2 votes

A substantial research paper written by a student over an academic term or semester which accounts for a large amount of a grade and makes up much of the course.

Wikipedia Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

A term paper is a research paper written by students over an academic term, accounting for a large part of a grade. Merriam-Webster defines it as "a major written assignment in a school or college course representative of a student's achievement during a term". Term papers are generally intended to describe an event, a concept, or argue a point. It is a written original work discussing a topic in detail, usually several typed pages in length, and is often due at the end of a semester. There is much overlap between the terms: research paper and term paper. A term paper was originally a written assignment (usually a research based paper) that was due at the end of the "term"—either a semester or quarter, depending on which unit of measure a school used. However, not all term papers involve academic research, and not all research papers are term papers.

ChatGPT Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

A term paper is a lengthy, in-depth research paper written by students over an academic term or semester which accounts for a large part of a grade. It is typically designed to discuss and analyze a topic in detail based on compiled information or data, demonstrating a student's understanding and knowledge on the subject matter. It often requires considerable research and writing skills.

Wikidata Rate this definition: 3.8 / 5 votes

A 'term paper' is a research paper written by students over an academic term, accounting for a large part of a grade. Term papers are generally intended to describe an event, a concept, or argue a point. A term paper is a written original work discussing a topic in detail, usually several typed pages in length and is often due at the end of a semester. There is much overlap between the terms "research paper" and "term paper". The phrase "term paper" was originally used to describe a paper that was due at the end of the "term" - either a semester or quarter, depending on which unit of measure a school used. However, the term has fallen out of favor. Common usage has "term paper" and "research paper" as interchangeable, but this is not completely accurate. Not all term papers involve academic research, and not all research papers are term papers. Term papers date back to the beginning of the 19th century when print could be reproduced cheaply and written texts of all types could be easily produced and disseminated. During the years from 1870 to 1900, Moulton and Holmes write that "American education was transformed as writing became a method of discourse and research the hallmark of learning." Russell writes that in the 1910s, "the research paper began to harden into its familiar form" adding that plagiarism and the sale of research papers both became a problem during this time.

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How to pronounce term paper?

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How to say term paper in sign language?

Chaldean Numerology

The numerical value of term paper in Chaldean Numerology is: 3

Pythagorean Numerology

The numerical value of term paper in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4

• ^  Princeton's WordNet http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=term paper
• ^  Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Term_Paper
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Translations for term paper

From our multilingual translation dictionary.

• ورقة المدى Arabic

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Breaking makes its Olympic debut in Paris, and with any new Olympic sport comes new vocabulary for sports fans to learn. If you're not familiar with breaking terminology, not to worry.

Here's a glossary of terms you might hear during the breaking competition.

Why is it called breaking?

When you heard breaking was joining the Olympic sport roster, you might have wondered why it's not called breakdancing. 

The simple answer is that breakdancing is not the real title of the sport. Breaking originated in the Bronx in the 1970s. DJ Kool Herc realized that people tend to dance with more energy during the instrumental section songs, also known as the "break." He then created the style of producing a song composed entirely of the dancing beat, or the "breakbeat." Herc began hosting parties, and then later competitions, where people would come and dance to his breakbeats without having heard them beforehand. They called the dancing to these beats, "breaking," and the sport was born. 

When breaking started to permeate throughout more mainstream media, such as television and movies, people began referring to it as breakdancing, though that was never the term used by the true breaking community.

What are B-Boys and B-Girls?

The terms "B-Boys" and "B-Girls" are titles for the breaking athletes themselves. When DJ Herc began hosting breaking parties and competitions, he called the participants "Break-Boys" and "Break-Girls." Ever since, breaking athletes have often used the title in front of their breaking name. For example, Canadian breaking athlete, Philip Kim , is known as "B-Boy Phil Wizard."

While many breaking athletes use the prefix, not all prefer it, with some competitors electing to just be referred to by their breaking name.

Breaking Styles

Power head : Someone who loves to practice and perform mostly power moves in their breaking, which are acrobatic moves that require momentum, speed, endurance, strength, flexibility, and control. The breaker is generally supported by their upper body, while the rest of their body creates circular momentum.

Footwork cat : Someone who loves to practice and perform footwork in their breaking.

Breaking Moves

Popping : A continuous flexing of the muscles to the beat. Some moves include arm and body waves that look like an electric current has passed through the body.

Locking : Freezing from a fast movement and "locking" into a certain position, holding it, and then continuing at the same speed as before. 

Headspin : In a headstand position, the breaker spins by pushing with their hands.

Heelspin : Breaker puts their weight on one heel and initiates a spin by swinging their leg.

Windmill : Breaker rotates continuously on one shoulder with their feet in the air and legs apart.

Backspin : Breaker balances weight on their upper back and goes into a spin by pushing with their hands or swinging the legs across the body.

Breaking Competition Terms

Throw down : When the B-Girl or B-Boy hits the floor and starts breaking, they are doing a throw down. 

Set : A set is a breaker's prepared round or combination of moves. 

Repeating : When a breaker reuses a move that they've already done during the competition, they are considered to have been "repeating." Twenty percent of a breaker's score is originality, and repeating can negatively impact that score.

Bite/biter/biting : When a breaker is accused of "biting" or being a "biter," it means that they have either stolen or copied moves/style from another breaker. Similar to "repeating," this can also affect a breaker's originality score. 

Crashing : If a breaker "crashes," it means they failed an attempted move and fell during or at the end of their attempt. This may be the most common cause of a breaker losing a battle. The best breakers, however, know how to turn a crash into a move and can control the crash enough to continue their flow into something else.

Crew : A group of breakers who train and compete together. Historically, rival crews have often competed against each other under various sets of rules.

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An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI

• Review Article
• Open access
• Published: 09 August 2024

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• David Fernández-Llorca 1 ,
• Emilia Gómez   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-3989 1 ,
• Ignacio Sánchez 2 &
• Gabriele Mazzini 3  

The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) is a groundbreaking regulatory framework that integrates technical concepts and terminology from the rapidly evolving ecosystems of AI research and innovation into the legal domain. Precise definitions accessible to both AI experts and lawyers are crucial for the legislation to be effective. This paper provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the concepts of AI system , general purpose AI system , foundation model and generative AI across the different versions of the legal text (Commission proposal, Parliament position and Council General Approach) before the final political agreement. The goal is to help bridge the understanding of these key terms between the technical and legal communities and contribute to a proper implementation of the AI Act. We provide an analysis of the concept of AI system considering its scientific foundation and the crucial role that it plays in the regulation, which requires a sound definition both from legal and technical standpoints. We connect the outcomes of this discussion with the analysis of the concept of general purpose AI system and its evolution during the negotiations. We also address the distinct conceptual meanings of AI system vs AI model and explore the technical nuances of the term foundation model . We conclude that rooting the definition of foundation model to its general purpose capabilities following standardised evaluation methodologies appears to be most appropriate approach. Lastly, we tackle the concept of generative AI , arguing that definitions of AI system that include “content” as one of the system’s outputs already captures it, and concluding that not all generative AI is based on foundation models .

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1 Introduction

After the European Commission tabled the proposal for the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) in April 2021 (European Commission 2021b ), important market and technological developments in the field of AI have taken place, including the emergence of ChatGPT (OpenAI 2022 ) and other similar tools, showcasing the general purpose capabilities of Large Language Models. Those developments have attracted a lot of public attention, prompting EU policy makers to specifically consider them in the course of the negotiations of the AI Act under way (Helberger and Diakopoulos 2023 ; Hacker et al. 2023 ; Boine and Rolnick 2023 ).

In the European Union legal order, which is distinct from the legal order of the Member States belonging to it, most laws are the result of a process where three institutions play an essential role. The European Commission, the executive, has the exclusive power to initiate legislation by preparing and publishing a draft law. This is sent in parallel to the European Parliament, directly elected by the EU citizens, and the Council, representing the government of all 27 Member States. The European Parliament and the Council are known as the ’co-legislators’ insofar as they have the power to adopt the final law by agreeing on the same text. Each of them follows internal procedures to reach its own position (i.e. a set of amendments to the Commission proposal). In order to reach a compromise in a more effective manner, the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission have developed the the practice of holding "trialogues" meetings between their representatives having received a mandate to negotiate a political deal on the basis of their own starting position. Any political deal reached in trialogues must be articulated into a fully fledged legal text, which has to be endorsed by the co-legislators In trialogues the Commission does not have a formal decision-making role, but remains an influential player by providing technical support to the other two institutions (European Parliamentary Research Service 2021 ).

The position expressed by the co-legislators, notably the General Approach of the Council (December 2022) Footnote 1 and the text adopted by the European Parliament (June 2023), Footnote 2 introduce in the AI Act new terms and concepts, notably general purpose AI system , foundation model and generative AI , and foresee accordingly dedicated legal provisions. These terms and concepts add to the already rich and varied ecosystem of specialised jargon used in the research community (Estevez Almenzar et al. 2022 ; Smuha 2021 ).

Terminological choices in law are essential and have far reaching consequences for the practical impact of the rules being introduced, especially in areas permeated by a high-degree of interdisciplinarity like AI (Koivisto et al. 2024 ; Schuett 2023 ).

The objective of this paper is to present and explain those terms and concepts, considering both a technical and legal perspective, with a view to facilitate a correct understanding thereof. To offer a useful context for the reader, we also propose a section on the term AI system , already included in the Commission proposal.

The considerations contained in this paper are based solely on the texts adopted separately by the three EU institutions before the final political agreement reached on December 9, 2023. We do not comment on the final text of the AI Act, which is still to be published at the time of writing of this paper. Nonetheless, we believe that the analysis we offer provides relevant background and tools also for a correct understanding of the adopted law, which results from negotiations between the co-legislators on the basis of their own position.

2 AI system

One of the most consequential concepts in the AI Act is the definition of AI system . This determines which systems fall within the scope of the regulation and may therefore be subject to the requirements and obligations established therein depending on their risk level.

Table  1 contains the several versions of the definition of AI system discussed herein. Although certainly important elements to consider, in the interest of brevity, we do not analyse the recitals (of the AI Act) or other explanatory text (of the OECD) accompanying the definition strictly speaking. In EU law the recitals can provide additional interpretative context in case of ambiguity in the operative provisions, but are not binding as such.

The AI Act, which follows the logic of the vast EU product legislation acquis called ’New Legislative Framework’, considers an AI system as a product, as discussed by Mazzini and Scalzo ( 2023 ). In line with other product legislation, the intended purpose of the AI system (i.e., the use for which an AI system is intended by the provider, including the specific context and conditions of use: Art. 3(12) Commission proposal) plays an essential role, including, among others, its classification according to risk levels.

The Commission’s intention was to propose a definition of AI system that would exclude conventional software as this does not present the characteristics or challenges typical of AI systems , as discussed in the Commission’s impact assessment (European Commission 2021a ). On the other hand, the definition was intended to be inclusive enough to cover not only machine learning, but also other AI techniques and approaches such as symbolic ones. In addition, the definition was intended to be capable of adapting to new developments in the field. Because the definition of AI system in the AI Act should serve a regulatory objective and therefore provide legal certainty to operators, other definitions from the scientific literature or other non-binding policy documents would as a matter of principle not be fit for purpose, as discussed by Samoili et al. ( 2021 ).

In order to ensure an alignment of the EU legislative initiative with concepts emerging in international fora, the Commission took inspiration from the definition of AI system proposed by the OECD in its 2019 Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD 2019 ). However, because the OECD definition was not designed for regulatory purposes, some refinements were made in the AI Act proposal.

First, the Commission referred to “software” as opposed to “machine-based system” in order to align with already existing references to “software” in other EU legislative acts (e.g. the Medical Devices Regulation regulates "software" as such - which can itself be or can include an AI system - as a medical device). Footnote 3 Second, it highlighted that an AI system “can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, generate outputs” and made it also clear that those outputs can include “content”. Third, the Commission added that the software should be developed “with one or more of the techniques and approaches listed in Annex I”. In order to ensure legal certainty, Annex I listed a set of techniques used in machine learning, logic- and knowledge-based approaches and statistical modelling, which could be updated via delegated acts.

Although there are differences in their choices, both the Council and the Parliament aimed in general to keep the definition of AI system as aligned as possible to the OECD wording.

As regards the Council, it deleted the Annex I with the list of techniques, and incorporated the concepts that the Annex I was meant to clarify and exemplify in the definition itself, with the sentence “infers how to achieve a given set of objectives using machine learning and/or logic- and knowledge-based approaches”. In addition, the Council replaced the term “software” with “system”, added the concept of “elements of autonomy” and emphasised the relevance of data and inputs.

Like the Council, the Parliament also deleted the Annex I, but overall departed much less from the wording proposed by the OECD. Among others, the Parliament deleted the word “content” proposed by the Commission, replaced the term “software” with “machine-based system”, and included the reference to “varying level of autonomy”.

Compared to the definition adopted by the Council, the definition of the Parliament is not clear in making a clear distinction between AI systems and non-AI systems by omitting the reference to AI approaches and the ability of the system to infer how to achieve its own objectives. Other differences between the Parliament approach and that of the Council relate, for instance, to the deletion of the word “content”, the reference to a different concept of autonomy (“varying levels of autonomy” as opposed to "elements of autonomy") and the addition of the words “explicit or implicit" for the objectives of the system.

In parallel to the legislative deliberations in the EU, the OECD ( 2023 ) worked on revising the initially proposed definition of AI system , amended at the 2023 Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence, followed by an explanatory memorandum in 2024 (OECD 2024 ). It is interesting to note that the revised OECD definition includes elements discussed at EU level - notably in order to clearly differentiate an AI system from other more traditional software systems - such as the elements of "infer [...] how to generate outputs" and the mention of “content” as a possible output of the AI system .

3 General purpose AI system

The term general purpose AI system was used for the first time in a regulatory context in the Council General Approach. It emerged as a new concept during the Council debates as regards the role and responsibilities of actors in the AI value chain, i.e., of those actors whose software tools and components can be used by downstream providers for the development of AI systems that are under the scope of the AI Act (e.g. high-risk AI systems ). Most likely, the expression “general purpose” was chosen as a derivation of the key concept of “intended purpose” of an AI system , although the two concepts should not be understood as antonyms.

In fact, in the debates surrounding the AI Act too often the legal term “intended purpose” has been incorrectly understood as specific purpose. Most probably this confusion originated because all high-risk AI systems (to which the greatest majority of the AI Act provisions are devoted) have an intended purpose that is specific (e.g. assessing creditworthiness of individuals, selecting resumes of job candidates, etc.) and, as mentioned earlier, the concept of “intended purpose” is key in the logic of the AI Act for the classification of those systems. However, as the definition itself states (Art. 1(12)), the concept of “intended purpose” merely refers to “the use for which an AI system is intended by the provider”, regardless of whether that use is general or specific.

In recital 60 of the proposal, the Commission had acknowledged the complexity of the AI value chain and the importance of the cooperation between relevant third parties and provider of the AI system with a view to enable compliance by the latter of their obligations under the AI Act. Such cooperation was left to the relevant parties’ contractual freedom and, consistently with the product legislation approach, regulatory compliance was identified as a responsibility of the provider of the final (high-risk) AI system .

The Council defines the concept of general purpose AI system as an AI system that “is intended by the provider to perform generally applicable functions such as image and speech recognition, audio and video generation, pattern detection, question-answering, translation and others; a general purpose AI system may be used in a plurality of contexts and be integrated in a plurality of other AI systems ” (Art. 3(1b) General Approach).

The main characteristic of the general purpose AI system emerging from the Council text is that it can be integrated as a component of a downstream AI system covered by the AI Act, but also that it can be used “as such” as an AI system falling under the scope of the AI Act (Art. 4b(1) and recital 12c General Approach).

In the light of the above elements, the Council suggested to impose specific requirements and obligations (very much aligned with those applicable to high-risk AI systems ) on the provider of this category of AI system . On the one hand, such requirements and obligations would lead to an improvement in the balance of responsibilities in the AI value chain (notably when those systems are integrated as components of high-risk AI systems ). The downstream provider would benefit from the compliance activity performed by the upstream provider. On the other hand, the approach proposed by the Council would also serve to ensure compliance with the applicable requirements of the AI Act where these systems, in spite of the ’generality’ of purpose intended by the provider, due to their capabilities could be used by themselves as high-risk AI systems . In order to maintain a close link of the new rules on general purpose AI systems with the risk-based approach of the AI Act, the Council clarified that compliance by the providers of general purpose AI systems with the specific requirements and obligations is not expected if those providers have explicitly excluded in good faith all high-risk uses.

From the examples provided in the Council definition, general purpose AI systems include systems that generate content such as audio, video, and also text (e.g. question answering, translation). Therefore AI systems like ChatGPT, which was launched by OpenAI on 30 November 2022, i.e. just around the time the Council was finalising its General Approach - can certainly be considered an example of the concept of general purpose AI system introduced by the Council.

However, the Council definition of general purpose AI system appears to be more encompassing, in that it also refers to “narrow” AI systems , i.e. AI systems typically constrained to perform a more limited task or function, such as image and speech recognition or pattern detection on a specific domain. While AI systems belonging to this category are different from the previous ones that display broader capabilities and can perform a plurality of tasks, they are part of the AI value chain and can be integrated as components of downstream AI systems such as high-risk AI systems .

The Parliament proposed a different definition for general purpose AI system , referring to an “ AI system that can be used in and adapted to a wide range of applications for which it was not intentionally and specifically designed” (Art. 3(1d)). This definition appears to exclude the category of narrow AI systems , and focuses essentially on systems that are capable of dealing with tasks outside those for which they were specifically trained. Therefore, this definition points more directly to those highly capable AI systems that have become known to the public since the appearance of ChatGPT.

In this paper we focus only on the terminology used by the three EU institutions in the context of the AI Act. It is to note, however, that several other terms have been used often interchangeably by different actors, including outside the scientific communities, to refer to AI tools like ChatGPT and related underlying techniques (e.g. generative pre-trained transformers). Such terms include for instance large pre-trained models, large language models, base models, foundational models, frontier models and also generative AI .

4 AI system vs AI model

In the light of the terminological variations just mentioned, it is important to understand the difference between AI model and AI system . In short, a system is a broader concept than a model, to the extent the latter is solely a component, among others, of the former.

An AI system comprises various components, including, in addition to the model or models, elements such as interfaces, sensors, conventional software, etc. From a scientific and technical standpoint and in accordance with ISO ( 2022 ) terminology, an AI model is a “physical, mathematical, or otherwise logical representation of a system, entity, phenomenon, process or data” and a machine learning model is a “mathematical construct that generates an inference or prediction based on input data”.

Therefore, the model in itself would not be useful, or rather usable in the first place, unless it is complemented by other software components which, together, constitute a system. In fact, only a system is capable to perform tasks and to function effectively, including of course interacting with users, other machine based systems and the environment more generally, as considered by Junklewitz et al. ( 2023 ). As an example, while ChatGPT is an AI system , a chatbot, GPT 3.5 is the model powering the chatbot. Figure  1 depicts the relationship between AI model and AI system .

Often times the terms “system” and “model” are used interchangeably, especially in non-technical discussions, in relation to AI tools such as ChatGPT and similar applications. However, the distinction between the two becomes very important from a legal perspective if a decision is made to establish binding rules not only at the level of an AI system , but also at the level of its components, like the AI model .

In fact, unlike the Council, which established additional rules for the new category of general purpose AI systems , the Parliament opted to establish new rules upstream in the AI value chain and introduced the concept of foundation model defined as “an AI model that is trained on broad data at scale, is designed for generality of output, and can be adapted to a wide range of distinctive tasks” (Art. 3(1c). Accordingly, the Parliament established a number of obligations for the providers of the foundation models , including on: risk assessment and management, data governance, performance requirements as regards predictability, interpretability, corrigibility, safety and cybersecurity of the model, energy reduction and energy efficiency, technical documentation, quality management system and registration (Art. 28b).

As any other possible component in the context of the AI value chain, the AI model can be provided by actors other than the provider of the final AI system , who determines the purpose for which the AI system can be used. It is therefore important to duly reflect on any possible obligations at the level of the AI model upstream so that they are appropriate, feasible and calibrated to the position of the actor in question. For instance, as it typically happens in complex engineering products, including software, where components can be sourced from multiple suppliers and integrated by one final manufacturer or developer, the providers of the AI system typically have at their disposal other tools, in addition to those available to providers of the AI models , to handle possible risks (e.g. adapted to concrete applications or scenarios).

This situation may be made even more complex depending on the means by which the AI model can be provided. For instance, if a model is provided as a software library, it may become unfeasible for model providers to monitor the manner in which the model is further deployed downstream or monitor whether the use of the model may have lead to problems or accidents.

The above does not mean however that the provider of the AI model should not have any role for compliance purposes, notably to the extent legal compliance downstream may be dependent on information available only to the provider of the AI model . In this respect an adequate level of transparency vis-a-vis downstream providers of AI systems seems necessary to address the risk of an imbalance of knowledge and ensure a fair allocation of responsibilities overall.

Diagram depicting the relationship between AI model and AI system

5 Foundation model

The term foundation model was introduced by the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence in August 2021. That concept refers to a new machine learning paradigm in which one large model is pre-trained on a huge amount of data (broad data at scale) and can be used for many downstream tasks and applications (Bommasani et al. 2021 ).

The approach of pre-training a model (a base model) for a particular task and adapting it to a different task or set of tasks is a common approach in the machine learning community. This is traditionally enabled by transfer learning, where, according to Thrun and Mitchell ( 1995 ), “knowledge” learned from one task is adapted and applied to another task via fine-tuning (i.e., the parameters of a pre-trained model are re-computed with new data for another task).

However, when it comes to foundation models , such machine learning approach takes a different dimension. The key element of differentiation is the generality of capabilities of the model, which derive primarily from the architecture and size of the model (e.g. number of parameters in the neural network), the scale of the training data and compute, as well as the training methodology.

Learning objectives of foundation models involved in their training tend to be general and largely focused on the structure of the data itself, that is, learning representations directly from the data attributes without the need of a specific ground truth. Examples of learning objectives are predicting the next word given a sentence, capturing a distribution of images given a text prompt, or capturing and encoding representative features of data (images, audio or text).

At the current stage of technological development and architectures, the capabilities of the model are largely influenced by the size of the model itself and the amount and quality of the data used to train the same. It is worth noting that the relevant orders of magnitude (e.g. as regards model size or amount of data) are dependent on the modality (i.e., text, images, video or audio) and they are also a moving target. For example, in 2019, a language model such as BERT by Devlin et al. ( 2019 ), with 340 million parameters trained on a dataset of about 3.3 billion tokens, was considered a very large model trained on a very large dataset. However, four years later, language models considered large are of the order of tens or hundreds of billions of parameters, trained on datasets of more than 1 trillion tokens (e.g. a state-of-the-art model such as Llama 2 by Touvron et al. ( 2023 ) contains 70 billion parameters and was trained with 2 trillion tokens).

Considering that quantitative elements can significantly vary with technological development, any possible legal definition that would factor in scale (e.g. data, model parameters or merely the training compute as a joint indicator) as a proxy for capabilities to define the boundaries of foundation models should include a mechanism for flexible and timely updates to ensure that the definition remains future-proof. At the same time, it is important to consider the impact of the technological advances (e.g. new neural network architectures) whereby models may be highly capable also if they have a lower number of parameters or have been trained with a lower quantity of data or computational resources. Fig.  2 shows that whilst the compute required for the training of the model is the main factor to predict its performance (in the MMLU benchmark in this case), we see evidence that other factors such as data quality and model architecture also play an important role, which explains why some models like Phi-3 3.8b can outperform much bigger ones (Abdin et al. 2024 ). Finally, all those factors that could be considered relevant for the purpose of regulating foundation models should be closely monitored and documented to ensure they remain fit for purpose and closely linked to the type of capabilities or potential risk that may be relevant from a policy standpoint.

An alternative definitional approach for foundation models that does not rely on factors that are highly variable depending on modality and technological evolution could be to focus on the ability of the system to be inherently capable to competently perform a wide range of distinctive computational tasks. Such an approach would require establishing a taxonomy of tasks, as well as certain thresholds regarding the minimum number of tasks and the level of performance (Uuk et al. 2023 ).

Considering that the advanced capabilities of the foundation models , notably those capabilities that may generate certain risks, are what could justify attention by policymakers, the soundest definitional approach would be to attach regulation to the existence of those advanced capabilities, rather than other elements. From a technical point of view, standardised evaluation protocols or tools (i.e. benchmarks) are the key tools to actually identify the existence of the capabilities and limitations of the foundation model .

The evaluation of the model against standardised benchmarks would also be the basis for an informed appreciation of the risks that may possibly be associated with the specific context of the AI system in which the model is integrated. Evaluation protocols and tools for foundation models are the subject of intense research by the AI community and still in the process of being developed and validated.

Finally, it is important to note that foundation models can be used for generating content in the form of text, images, video or audio. Therefore, foundation models can be at the basis of what is colloquially referred to most recently as generative AI , described in the following section. However, it should be noted that foundation models can also be used for “non-generative” purposes. These would typically imply a more limited output (e.g. a numeric or discrete value), rather than generating a longer free-form output. Some examples are text or image classification.

Graphical representation of estimated compute required to train the model vs MMLU performance for several popular LLMs. Adapted from https://www.interconnects.ai/p/llama-3-and-scaling-open-llms .

6 Generative AI

The concept of generative learning is well known in the machine learning domain. For example, the distinction between discriminative models, focused on predicting the labels of the data, and generative models, focused on learning how the data are distributed, is a classic topic in this field as observed in Jebara ( 2004 ). However, most recently the term generative AI has become widely used, notably after the emergence of consumer facing products such as ChatGPT or Midjourney, to refer to AI models or AI systems that generate content such as text, images, video or audio. The content generated by these tools is usually conditioned to an input prompt provided by the user (e.g. question-answering, text-to-image, text-to-video or text-to-audio). However, from a technical point of view, the generation capability does not necessarily depend on a prompt (e.g. automatic generation systems).

Generative models have been around for quite some time. Some architectures such as Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) or Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have been widely used to develop generative models since at least 2014. These architectures are less scalable than other more recent ones, so they have traditionally been developed at smaller scales in relation to the number of parameters, data and computational resources. For this reason, models based on VAEs, GANs or RNNs are not usually considered as foundation models . Therefore, generative AI does not necessarily imply the use of foundation models . However, the more powerful generative models, based on other architectures such as the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) or the diffusion models, which have typically been associated most recently to the concept of generative AI , are considered as foundational models.

It has to be noted that the concept of generative AI is already captured in the Commission and Council definitions of AI system , as they refer to the generation of “outputs such as content”. Moreover, specific transparency obligations are introduced for this type of AI system outputs addressed to “users of AI systems that generate image, audio or video content that appreciably resembles existing persons, objects, places or other entities or events and would falsely appear to a person to be authentic or truthful (’deep fake’)” (Art. 52(3)).

The position of the Parliament (Art. 28b(4)) includes specific obligations for providers of foundation models used in AI systems intended to generate content and for providers of foundation models specialised into a generative AI system. This approach appears to link the concept of generative AI exclusively to foundation models , excluding therefore other types of AI models capable of generating content.

7 Conclusions

Considering the importance and complexity of key legal concepts of the AI Act (notably AI system , general purpose AI system , foundation model and generative AI ), this paper seeks to bring clarity to them from a technical and legal point of view.

After highlighting the need to define the concept of AI system in such a way to duly distinguish it from conventional software/non-AI based systems, we observe that the concept of general purpose AI system - not included in the Commission proposal - is not the same in the Council and in the European Parliament versions of the AI Act. We also address the conceptual differences between the term AI system vs the term AI model and analyse the concept of foundation model in the light of its particular technical properties. While different definitional approaches of this concept from a legal point of view are possible and none is without challenges, we consider that the identification of the relevant capabilities on the basis of standardised evaluation protocols or tools appears to be most appropriate approach. The AI community is making great efforts to develop holistic evaluation frameworks to establish the capabilities of these models. Finally, we argue that the concept of generative AI is already captured by any definition of the term AI system that includes ’content’ as one of the system’s outputs, and that not all generative AI is based on foundation models . We hope that our considerations on the specific terminological choices made and wording used by the three institutions in their version of the AI Act can provide useful context and background to better understand the origin and evolution of the text of the AI Act, including in its final form.

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Fernández-Llorca, D., Gómez, E., Sánchez, I. et al. An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI. Artif Intell Law (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09412-y

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Accepted : 08 July 2024

Published : 09 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09412-y

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